Understanding values Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Understanding values - Assignment ExampleAn evidence of this is the fact that although people differ on their opinions on a subject, their understanding of what is full or wrong is mostly the same. For example, some people are in favor of legalization of drugs while others are against it, though people on twain sides of the argument mutually think that drugs and their influence on the society should be reduced. Even the argument for the legalization of drugs is made with a view to suppressing the frustration and the victimisation and functioning of illegal channels that happens when the drugs are illegalized.The in-born ability, conscience is the word used for which, is guided or influenced by a range of external influences, typically last and religion. Of all such factors, religion is the most powerful factor that confirms or denies an idea that is considered righteous by our inherent conscience. That is why Christianity has often been associated with authority (11) However, it is unneeded to say that people voluntarily accept religion and give it that exalted status to dictate values in their lives because of the emotional appeal made to them by the religion. Dictating and establishing values is one of the most fundamental functions of a

Globalisation and Mass Media (Media Relations) Essay

Globalisation and Mass Media (Media Relations) - Essay ExampleDifferent theorists and practitioners of training differed in their emphasis, but they all agreed that rapid economic egress is the strategy of modernization. Moore argued, what is involved in modernization is a total transformation of a conventional or pre-modern society into the types of technology and associated social organization that characterize the advanced economically prosperous, and relatively politically stable nations of the western world (89).The leaders of new states in the Third adult male objected to how the existing worldwide order had seemingly neglected their interests. Thus, they formed pressure groups, such as the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 and the United Nations host on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964, to promote an independent path amid the interests of the communist and capitalist world and to win some reforms in the international economy, respectively. From the 1950s to 1970s, the major strategy used in the Third World was import-substitution, which involved the development of a domestic industrial sector, with the long-term aim of capturing profitable export markets. The state had to protect new producers from competition from cheaper foreign imports, through high tariffs or import controls, and initial investments were poured into consumer goods industries. (Kiely 29 ch. 1).State planning became the stand for post-war development in order to raise productivity and output of both the industrial, and the agricultural sectors. In this regard, many Third World countries, such as Mexico, the Philippines and India actively implemented the strategy of introducing a technological package starting in the 1950s and onward, with the support of American pro-development institutions, like the Rockefeller Foundation. By the late 1960s, however, the Third Worlds woolgather of a better life was shattered. Official measures of development, such as Gross National Product (GNP), failed to show the distribution of such income within a uncouth or whether peoples basic needs are provided (Kiely 29 ch. 1). A revised development strategy based on the ideas of redistribution and growth and basic needs was introduced by the International Labour formation (ILO) in 1972 and the World Bank in 1973, respectively. The World Bank focused on increasing the productivity of the small farmer to stimulate economic growth and eliminate rural poverty, while the ILO concentrated on developing appropriate labour-intensive technologies (Kiely 30 ch. 1). However, these strategies failed because only a few states in the Third World had been concerned about alleviating the sufferings of the poor. Also, transnational companies/local capitalist enterprises that had invested their money in the Third World were more concerned about getting high place of returns on investments (ROI) than in providing more employment opportunities.The debt crisis in the early 1980s ushered the n eo-liberal counter revolution, The Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates was effectively abandoned between 1971 and 1973, (Kiely 30 ch. 1 Brett 111-25) and had no successful replacement, with the

Wedding Proposal Essay Example for Free

Wedding Proposal EssayNow that youve made the decision to get married you may feel overwhelmed with entirely of the planning, pose and organizing that goes into achieving that perfect wedding youve al expressions dreamed of. No need to panic, however. I will be with you every step of the way, acting as your advisor when needed, coordinator, confidant, organizer, break planner, fashion advisor and anything else you might need to make your special day all that you have dreamed of.I will personally see to all of the details, making sure everything stays within budget and comes together as smoothly as possible, with the least amount of delays so that you are left indigent of stress and able to enjoy the celebration of the beginning of your new lives together. SCOPE Planning and executing a wedding with all of its intricate parts is a very involved process. I understand this and, as your Project Manager, I will work diligently with you from the beginning until you are happily on your way to enjoy your honeymoon.Every detail, no matter how miniscule or grand, will be effectively and efficiently seen to and followed closely by my expert Quality sanction and Quality Control practices. I will listen to your wishes and implement as many as feasible, leaving you less stress and more time to enjoy. apportion me your Subject Matter Expert serve welling at every stage, from picking the perfect location, bridal gown and grooms attire, observance, reception, music, food, and all of the little things that cogitate so much to your special day.COST The average cost of a wedding is around $20,000. This price usually does not include consultant fees (Penn sustain). My finish is to work with you to stay well within your budget, providing you with the best possible wedding day, and possibly having extra left over from your budget to spend on your honeymoon. nigh time scale leading up to the day of the wedding * 12 months before Locate and book the locations for the wedding and reception and order the wedding gown. * 6-9 months beforeChoose and order flower arrangements, audition and book the band, choose the caterer and menu, order bridesmaids dresses, pick out the wedding party gifts and book the photographer. *4-6 months before Finalize knob list and arrange guest hotel and other accommodations, order the wedding cake, choose and order invitations and thank you cards, order any other decorations. * 2-4 months before Finalize the ceremony and vows. * 4-8 weeks before Send out invitations, bridal shower, finalizing all plans (Little Wedding Guide).IMPLEMENTATION You and your partner are essential to accomplishing your ideal wedding. Your input, ideas, feelings and cooperation along with my expertise, knowledge, and enthusiasm will help us achieve the greatest results. There are many horror stories describing wedding disasters that leave bride and groom fearful and full of dread, afraid these disasters will spread their wedding day as well. R est assured that I am constantly assessing all risks, monitoring each and every situation, and running interference eyepatch we ramp up to your event.Together we will plan and execute every aspect, making sure all deadlines are met so that your wedding will go according to schedule and within your budget, giving you peace of mind and a wonderful beginning to your new lives.ReferencesLittle Wedding Guide. Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http//www. littleweddingguide. com/planning/ Penn Foster Career School. Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http//www. pennfoster. edu/bridalconsultant/index. html Project Management Basics Glossary. Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http//www. allpm. com/

Discussing Honour in Henry IV Essay Example for Free

Discussing Honour in Henry IV EssayThere argon differing concepts of honour throughout the play of Henry IV shown by unalike characters. There ar two characters that depict extremes on each end of the scale, Hotspur (Henry Percy) and Falstaff. This essay will demonstrate the different types of opinions towards what honour is from each character and alike give a comparison with examples for each. Hostpur, or Henry Percy, is the son of Northumberland and is a very fiery character with a short temperament and who is quick to take form to conclusions. His idea of honour lies purely on the meshingfield and he believes that the only possible way honour can be measured is with the amount of battles win and opponents conquered. He certainly believes himself to be much honourable than any man and this may explain two things. Firstly it will explain his confidence most his fighting and military knowledge as well as his concept that his idea is always the right one. Secondly it may also explain his rudeness, flashiness and sometimes complete disrespect when addressing others, especially those in royalty.He gives a good speech when talking to Worcester and Northumberland somewhat his honour and how he has claimed it. By heaven, methinks it were an mild leap To pluck bright honour from the pale faced moon, Or dive into the bottom of the deep, Where fathomline could never touch the ground, And pluck up drowned honour by the locks, So that he doth redeem her hence might wear, Wi metret corrival, all her dignities. (209-15, I, iii) This is a great speech that clearly shows two things. Firstly it shows his disrespect when addressing others and his arrogance that comes with it. more importantly it shows that he believes honour can only be earned by doing an act of some kind of bravery. He gives an example of such a deed in the lines To pluck bright honour from a pale faced moon and also dive into the bottom of the deep. He is stating that in situations where in that location is a problem or where conditions are hard it takes an exceptional kind of man to go into these situations, conquer them and come out with respect and honour. The action of orgasm from such a situation with honour is depicted in the line pluck up drowned honour by the locks, so that he doth redeem her thence might wear.He is giving an analogy for two things first the kind of situation at which bravery and courage is required and secondly the kind of soul that will go into that situation and come out earning respect and honour. As he refers to these conditions as being battles he is clearly showing that only a man that can use the sword with skill is worthy of being honourable. other quote from Hotspur underlines the fact that he feels honour can only be taken from situations where there is danger and risk. Send danger from the east unto the west,So honour cross it from the north to south, And let them grapple O, the blood more stirs To press a lion than to start a h are (203-6, I, iii) This shows once again the conflict between two sides, this time denoted by positions on the compass, meeting and he feels there is more honour to be won with a great battle than a smaller one. Hence why he states the blood more stirs to rouse a lion than to start a hare This again shows exactly how Hotspur feels about honour and the way in which it can be won.Another person who can be compared to being like Hotspur in this way is Douglas. He, just before the battle in the rebel camp, goes to the allies camp and gives them a call for battle as such by defying them in a ploy to start the confrontation. Finally, when Hotspur has fought Prince Hal and is dying, he states that he is more mortified and distraught about losing the titles and honour to his slayer than he is about dying in the physical sense. I better brook the loss of brittle life Than those proud titles thou hast won of me.They wound my thoughts worse than they sword my flesh. (78-80, V, vi) This shows that Hotspur has little respect for Hal as he is more hurt by losing the titles and honour he has won to soul of his nature than dying in itself. Hotspur is so self-contained in the idea of honour that he truly feels great pain in losing a battle to Hal, who he considers not to be as worthy as himself. This shows that although Hotspur has a very hard and manly idea of honour, it is not for attraction and he rattling believes in what he says and fights for.He can almost be pitied for being so brave as his courage could sometimes be foolhardy. However, it would be arouse to ask Hotspur himself that why, as he considered himself so honourable, he chose to oppose the king, because that in itself is a crime against the country in treason and those that commit treason are punishable by the worst penalties and could be deemed as the people with the lowest amount of honour and most amount of shame. In a complete contrast, Falstaff, a drunken lout and thief, is on the other end of the ra nge.He shows complete distaste and is dishonourable in his ways. He condemns the word of honour in his soliloquy at the end of Act V scene i. To summarise his speech he states that honour cannot heal a wound, nor pay back for a dismembered outgrowth and is simply a word that carries no weight for the living nor the dead. He therefore disassociates himself from the concept and seems to do so with some pride and belief. This small nevertheless quite hard-hitting speech can account for his ways throughout his life.He lies continually, exaggerates stories to boast to his friends and is even caught out in his ways when Hal tricks him after he has robbed some people. All these acts and his way of life does not compare to perhaps his lowest and dirtiest manipulation of the situation when he acclaims responsibility for slaying Hotspur. Before this incident, when Hal and Hotspur are fighting, Douglas comes in and fights Falstaff. He falls down and pretends to play dead, which is a despicab le piece of behaviour in itself that shows nothing but cowardice and lack of conceit and morale as well as a lack of honour.This leaves Douglas to go elsewhere and the Prince (Hal) and Hotspur to fight. Once Hostpur has died Hal goes off to find the King and show him what he has ultimately done, Falstaff arises and when the King returns he claims to have battled Hotspur after the Prince had gone and it was he himself who had killed the man. This is the height of ignorance and dishonour. It shows what a coward and scheming kind of person Falstaff really is and does a huge wrong to Prince Hal. It shows he is also a liar. His statement to the king reads

Thesis Statements Essay Example for Free

Thesis Statements EssayThere atomic number 18 two aspects that must be present in any thesis statement that is worthy of macrocosm written1. Textual Evidence2. Specific ArgumentYour thesis should include both textual evidence (some description of the text and what you think is important or interesting in it) and a specific tune (the litigious context in which you are making some claim about what you have seen).The argument should always answer the question So what? regarding the textual evidence. Do not just offer some items about the text, or statements that cannot be debated. For example, Elie Wiesel from Night struggles to sound is self-evident and does not warrant an argumentative essay. No critical reader would bother to read such an essay since its central claim provokes no argumentative thought, which equates to little to no interest. If you do merely state a fact about the text, I will ask you So what? or, What is important ABOUT the fact?For instance if your thesi s statement is something along the lines of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet depicts opposing characters like Benvolio and Tybalt. I will point out that this is merely a factual spot reference, not a claim about the text basically, no one who has read the story could reasonably conclude otherwise. Youre just telling me that Benvolio and Tybalt are contrasting characters, not what is important or interesting ABOUT the fact that they are opposing. (So what?)But do not abandon this sort of sentence after(prenominal) all, you have to begin by noticing something. Just make it the first part of your thesisThe opposition of Benvolio and Tybalt in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. . . becomes the subordinate clause (the textual evidence) in your thesis statement.

Development Of Industrial Relations In Hong Kong Commerce Essay

Development Of industrial Relations In Hong Kong Commerce EssayIn responding to the question, I agree with that the organisation activity of industrial relations in Hong Kong has been less spurtalized and less centralized. There argon three critical factors influenced the development of the industrial relations in Hong Kong. In the following essay, there will be a definition and description on industrial relations and the function of cover unions in Hong Kong. And discuss the mount of sparing, policy-making and institutional sociology environment in post colony Hong Kong that affecting the function of cope union.Industrial Relations and Trade UnionThe terms of Industrial Relations is used to define the relationship and interactions between the employees ( trifleers) and employers (management) within the organizational settings. Those interactions or activities were involved entirely aspects of the job relationship, human resource management, employee relations and union-ma nagement relations. The of import parties to the employment relationship and the key actors are workers and workers organizations (usually trade union), employers and managers and likewise the state (Bacon, 2009). Since there have difference berth among employers, employees (workers) and trade unions (workers organization), the industrial relation sum different things to different people. For workers, they wants fairness of employment outcome, better pay, workplace safety, job security and training, while employer wants more efficiency, more productivity, more flexibility in the workforce.In general, trade unions have a wide range of beneficial outcome. They can be the actor to force managers improve human resources management practices, being the contribution of consulting, promoting job equal opportunities, increasing job satisfaction and decrease labour turnover. Meanwhile, trade unions also acted as a representative of employee to voice out their ask as well as express t heir views and interests in the workplace. Furthermore, they can create issues covering on the wages and working hours, to encourage employees to be better producers for their employers and hold back employers provide better working conditions for employee through the activities of collective bargaining and negotiation. Thus, industrial relations were often subject to joint regulation which required cooperation among employee and employer participation in finding making.However, in Hong Kong, union effects nowadays appear to have reduced obviously or just apply limited effect in some special circumstance. It probably caused by the change of industrial relations since World War II, under the governance of compound British rule for one hundred fifty years prior to Chinas sovereignty.Critical factors leading that influence trade unions in Hong KongEconomic FactorsFirst of all, from the aspect of economic factors, entrepot trade was the mainstay thrift in Hong Kong. Nevertheless, wi th the declined of entrepot trade, the sudden influx of refugees and the capital from Shanghai and other major Chinese cities transferred to Hong Kong that influenced the movement of unions in labour relation. With the expansion of manufacturing sector (such as clothing and electronics) that facilitate the semi-worker and the skill transferred among difference industries. Manufacturing activities have accounted for the large share of labour force together with other sector, such as restaurants and hotels, wholesale and retail, handicraft and finance (Ng, 1984). At that time, Small firm of individual business provided more employment opportunities. Hong Kong has accomplished a high rate of economic growth with begin unemployment rate.Under this circumstance, union membership is low and the collective bargaining is practically non-existent. There was no incentive to recognize trade unions or bargain conjointly within workers. In addition, the perception of British voluntaristic trad ition, gentlement agreement among the workplace are more significant than collective agreements, the lacking of legal obligation of enforceable weigh that allow employer adjust their labour force in conformity to adapt with the market condition (Chiu and Levin,1996). Meanwhile, the new economic structure only focused to touch the economist prescription in the organizational level in regard of employment relations. Government had adopting a non-interventionist policies in the mixer and economic sphere that had no intention to restructure the industry by implementing regulation, tax policies or subsidies, remains the lowest taxes among the world to preserve providence incentives (Tang, 1999). It had created a capitalist framework of the economy that encourage private sector to pursuit the market capitalism. Furthermore, the free market approach, Laisse-faire policies initiated by the judicature on economic activities only consist with minimal regulatory, no minimum wage legislat ion, no fixing prices. That means people can buy from whom they want, to sell from whom they buy and to invest they want or to hire whom they want, to work for whom they want (Tang, 1999). As a result, the collusion between government and employer that emerged conflictual interest between labour and capital that empower employer over the labour process and employment relations by bargaining between individual employers and workers.(Chiu and Levin, 1999). Moreover, trade union in Hong Kong are all in political orientated, they are only evoke in realizing political objective rather than seeking economic benefit for the workers through establishing formal rule making arrangement with employer (Chiu and Levin, 1999)Political and Sociology FactorsThe nature of political agreement for Hong Kongs revision to China was maintained the British rule of economic governance. Under this old model, administration worked was boneyly worked with business community that to ensure the constancy of social and economic environment. Such policies were also included public housing programme, comprehensive system of education, public health, subsidized in transport and social service. Colonial government approach of non intervention policy that allowed business elite integrated largely in governance the system of compound Hong Kong by formulating public policies in responds to the interests and demands of the dominant resources controller and economic elites (Chiu and Nevin, 1996). In the wake of the economic environment, a magnitude domestic disturbance posed major crises of legitimacy, which alert the colonial government had to build a new basis of legitimacy in order to increase the commitment to voluntarism (Chiu and Nevin, 1999) Since the Hong Kong Government had made a formal commitment for the urbane servant over the employment term and condition that initiated the practice trend of civil-service to private-sector approach. This kind of voluntarist framework had influenced the development of private sector to be more formalise in labour relations in civil service that resulting a process of both formal and informal pressures on the dependent and cultural outlook within the organization. Meanwhile, trade union being recognised by the colonial government and creating formal airs for their participation in decision making on terms and condition of employment which is more advanced than other private sector employers. (Chiu and Nevin, 1996)Through the expanding minimum standards of employment not solely for the capitalist nevertheless also coincide the interest for vulnerable categories of employees in the workforce. The birth of the international legislation for women and child labour and the enactment of the Employment Ordinance and its subsequent amendments were establish in 1920 and 1966-67 respectively in order to maintain domestic stability and legitimacy. The policy are set for prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal an d effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status (Chiu and Levin, 1996).In addition, the set up of Labour Department in 1947, the establishment of the Employment Ordinance in 1974 (Chiu and Levin, 1996) and the domesticate of political structure in 1980s, establishment of district boards with elected members to advise the government on the matters affecting the welfare of the district (Tang, 1999),begun elected seats onto the legislative Council as the British and Chinese government negotiated for Hong Kongs future. Political parties representing grass-root and labour interest were able to exercise far more to influence in the legislature (Tang, 1999). Since it open up up of the political system, small business and firms, as well as labour groups were more active in competing for political support to advance interests. in addition that, the establish of the Trade Unions and Trade Disputes Ordinance, that allow multiple union to form in the same trade, industry or enterprise that facilitate unions fragmentation and reducing potential untied opposition from organized labour to colonial rule. The approach of positive non-intervention taken by Labour Department, emphasised not to impose miffed control over unions activities and political orientation.However, the behaviour of the trade unions FTU CTU in Hong Kong, always fall into opposite and competition position between two Chinese government (pro-Chinese Communist Party and pro-Kuomintang Party) rather than using their resources to enhance the interest of workers through their domestic political action.Cultural Factors The cultural factors of Neo-Confucian ideological which suggests workers in Chinese nightspot accept authoritarian management and avoid confrontation with the employer (Chan and Snape, 2000). The traditional Chinese cultural of paternalism and instr umental individualism in the work place, can be see as the collectivistic particularism of the Chinese family (Ng, 1984) which is a concept of utilitarianistic familism that typically concerned about the interest of family over societal or other group interest, thus, they are low in participating of social affair with co-workers and neighbour (Chiu and Nevin, 1999). Therefore, with these two ideologies among employee, employment just viewed as their secondary concern. The low level of social involvement of political apathy that underpinning the low level of participation in the unionisation and collective action among workers.On the other hand, the practical exercise of Chinese workers perceptiveness unofficial methods and personal network to achieve their goals rather than in a formal channel. In addition, the rapid growth of labour population by the influx of refugee that had influenced the attitude and behaviour among the workplace as their primary interest was maximizing the income to get familial group survival.Main unions grouping in Hong KongThe unions in Hong Kong are encompassed with three main federations. The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Union (FTU), the largest union in Hong Kong and was established in 1947. Second is the pro-democracy Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (CTU) was formed in 1990 and has been worked close with the Christian Industrial Committee (CIC) that focusing on labour education and advising workers on grievances. Third, is pro-nationalist Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (TUC), was established in 1948. There are also umpteen difference independent unions which are smaller in specific sector, such as Hong Kong Chinese Civil Servants association (HKCCSA) and Hong Kong Professional Teachers Union (HKPTU).Traditionally, FTU have the role of taking an overly conciliatory line in labour disputes and focusing on the provision of welfare services to its members. However, it took a more moderate perspective that in l ine with Beijings conciliatory open door policy that not only participating in social affairs, striving for rights and benefit for workers but also promoting social stability and economic prosperity in Hong Kong.While CTU aims to build independent unions and encourage Hong Kong workers to see unions membership being about the protection of their interests (Snape and Chan,1997). The lead of CTU was aimed to obtain the support from the grass-roots by effectively representing workers interests to government and to employers, playing a positive role in labour disputes by adopting an inclusive approach to unionization and desired to maintain stability which enable CTU is often cast in the role of trouble-shooter, and emphasizing the importance of CTUs political autonomy that to develop a political consciousness and to preserving trade union and other freedoms in Hong Kong.TUC, the association of KuoMinTang (KMT), affiliate has been seen as an expression of loyalty to the Nationalists. I t displayed their influence mainly through their participation channel of communication with the government only. (Snape and Chan,1997) such as Labour Advisory Board. The leader of TUC has implemented low profile approach that in order to avoid provoke Beijing. And the leadership were comes from the older age group that affecting the recruitment activity was more less than other unions and have been difficulties in recruiting younger workers.ImplicationHowever, accordance to the historical background, the effectiveness of trade union activities in Hong Kong is open to question. Given that the impact of Neo-Confucian, Chinese family and paternalism had influenced the mentality of Chinese workers and the first migrant generation, participated in the colonial educational system which limiting collective challenge towards colonial government should not be exaggerated. However, the combination of legislation and regulatory of voluntarism and the cultural perspective cannot be overlooked . This was not only influenced the institutions of family and education system but also foster the dominance of individual and instrumental labour market strategic.In accordance to its political background, governments non-intervention approach, collective bargaining in after world war II seems effective fro most of big business firms, however, the institutional environment had influenced the new form of modern labour organization in Hong Kong. That emerged the declined of labour movement and the new guild origins with a mutual aid function.From the aspect on welfare orientation, trade union acted as a principle agency between two rivalry Chinese parties, Kuomingtang and Chinese Communist Party. With tendency of enlarge their power and seeking the support from employer. However, it can lead to the reshape of industrial relation governance structure as well as trade union while the economic turn weak. In addition, trade union in Hong Kong can be viewed as mimetic as it replete with r evolutionary and nationalistic movement. (Chiu and Levin, 1999) Under this circumstance, trade union lobbying benefit for worker are become ineffectiveness and gave the grounds for government and employer for resisting bargaining relations with the unions.ConclusionIn general, trade unions role in other countries are concluding bargaining with employers for better pay, bonuses and allowance, better working conditions and more welfare benefit and try to get involve in the decision making are supported by employee. However, it doesnt not meant employee prefer representation and participation through trade union in Hong Kong. It can be taken due to the mentality difference among Hong Kong and others. The culturally conditioned fatalism and typically in-depth and influence employee in Hong Kong that lead to resistance of collective action (Chan and Snape, 2000). Besides the economic, political and sociological factors, employee apathetic to trade union can be seen as a key factor that influence trade union in Hong Kong became less formalized and less centralized.

Merging Of Old And New Architecture

Merging Of Old And New computer architectureHuman creation growth in our planet has increased in a whirlwind over the noncurrent few decades. The on-going increase of the world population straightawayadays leads to farseeinger aim of providing built environment for the volume. On the other hand, although the population is growing, the earth is not. People leave alone carry to build to a greater extent in a farming that tour of duty constantly the same. The profligate changes of built environment put up become one of the results.In capital of Singapore, fast changes of environmental surrounding have now become so common that people might perceive it as a habit and pattern of life. People might live in one argona for scarcely couple of months and suddenly their environment is no longer the same. New twists atomic number 18 added, some ar universe destroyed and fill ind. The main reason is because of the minimum land area they have, that must runs concurrently with t he population increase. To meet the demand of peoples command that is constantly changing and increasing, the built environment is adapting in a fast pace also.Living in a condition that is continuously changing has left a current bad imp wager of ones life. A lot of Singaporeans, especi tout ensembley the in the altogetherborn gen agetions have no glimpse of what happened in the noncurrent. They are growing up in this modern environment, with the expectation of an end slight changing. Not knowing the past actor that we are heading our way to a future without knowing our induce history and culture, leaving behind all of what our ancestors had given. go others are able to soak up back their root and heritage, we cant. Others are able to learn from their own history, we cant. This is also creating a boredom, to only look forward and waiting for something radical.Whereby our surrounding needs to be altered according to peoples need, we also have a call to start learning to k now our history and originality. unity of the solutions to this problem may be righteous a simple act that has been forgotten by most architects. We still can have both the originality of the expressions with the combination of unsanded matter to be added on, defineing peoples need that is constantly changing.Fast changes built environment as the result of the increase population and peoples needs have caused individuals not to know their past. By concourse the nonagenarian and new architecture, people willing have a glimpse on their history while still having their needs fulfilled. The essay will be canvas how the grey and contemporary architects have done the merging of the two.II. The Future of The PastThe issue of Singaporean Young Generation to grow up without knowing their own culture and heritage.1. Fast Changes of Built Environment in SingaporeData from the manifestation sphere in Singapore has shown a rapid growth since the past few decades. The development of c onstruction sector in Singapore since 1982 to 1992 is 12.5 percent while since 1992 to 1998 the growth expanded to 15.9 percent. Until the year 1990, at that place is 6,813,376m2 floor area of new establishments completed. Moreover, up till the year of 2010 the growth has increased from 15.9 percent to 20.3 percent. (Building Construction Authority, 2010)One aspect that is causing this rapid growth of built construction sector is the increase of peoples population. Data from Singapore Statistics (Singapore Statistics, 2010) shows that in 2010 the number of population reaches 5,076,7000 people, while in 1980 the population is only 2,413,900 people. From the data above, it is shown that increase of population runs concurrently with the construction sector. We can analysed that due to the expansion of Singapore population, the necessities of people is growing as well. This issue will then leads to the obligation of government to build more in order to fulfil peoples needs.2. Fast Chan ges Built Environment in Singapore Leading Towards The Unknowing of The PastMM Lee Kuan Yew once verbalise in his speech at the inaugural Future China Global Forum Meeting on Wednesday, July 17th 2010, that Singaporeans are ignorant. (Temasek Review, 2010). One of the biggest issues of ignorance in Singapore is where the new generations not aware of what happened in the past. What if it is not the case that they are intentionally ignoring what had happened in the past? What if it occurs because of no traces left from the past as the result of fast changes in their living environment?B. Lessons from The Past1. History Value of The PastBy recognising our own history, we do not only know what had happened in the past but also learn from it. Peter N. Stearns (Historians, 2008) , once express that history puts human experience in a situation whereby it allows us to understand ourselves as a people and a culture. It gives us a reference to consider the possible future ahead of us. For examples, journals, newspapers and other religious books become more applicable to know what is going on in that time period.Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. (Santayana, 2005) on the other hand, with no doubt, knowing the past authority also that we are aware of the mistakes done back then. It helps us understand past triumphs and tragedies, and gives us the tools to try and succeed where others have failed. It will be functioned as a guideline to illustrate our future in order to lead a better life in the future where we will not go down to the same hole again.2. Memories How We Recall The PastMany very different things happen when we remember (Wittgenstein, 1974, pp. 181). Memories are another beauty depicting the past. How we draw off and store every scene in the past is by memories. What has gone in the past shall live in our memories forever. We might forget the past without memories, and however the things that we cant let go of might stay f orever in our mind even though they are actually gone. Memories play a certain roles in recalling the past.C. Architecture in The Past versus New ArchitectureCharacteristics of Old ArchitectureThe study of traditional architecture proved that in general there are recognisable patterns and forms in variety settings and variety purposes. Old buildings are usually imageed by classification or by typological approach. Each fiber had certain characteristic that differentiates from others, and this will often be repeated in the design. For the propertys inside, they are typically designed as a solid body. They are ever been rooms and solid spaces as to part one space from another.As for the functional purposes of emeritus architectureHow Traditional Architecture Different from Contemporary Architecture2.1 Development of The FunctionsContemporary architecture has developed rapidly, adjusting to human needs that are constantly changing. The main thing that differs traditional and conte mporary architecture is the development of the functions. One of the examples is the establishment of department store in 1838. The increase of peoples possession on goods and daily needs is the main reason of the founding of department store, whereby people will be able to buy all kinds of their needs in one area. At the one-time(a) time, all shops were standing alone people will have to venture to one shop to another to get all their needs.Le Bon March Paris, France 18502.2 Development of The FormsMoreover, it is the characteristic of venerable building that is abandoned by new architecture. Repetitive forms are now used in a very little manner, while new forms are being introduced more.(will be explained more in the near semester)Le Bon March Paris, Shinsegae Centum City Busan,France (1850) South Korea (2010)D. Historical Approach The method of merging old and new architecture in the pastThe precis of combining old and new architecture is not a completely new approach, w hereby it has been done in the past.1. rump Ruskin1.1 The Sixth Lamp of Architecture Lamp of MemoryJohn Ruskin was an English art critic and theorist. He wrote an extended essay about principle in architecture, The Seven Lamps of Architecture. At the sixth point of his essay, The Memory, Ruskins clearly stated that there are two duties respecting national architecture the first is to re endow the architecture of the day and the second is to preserve, what is the most precious of inheritances from the past ages. (Ruskin, 1849) What Ruskin means by Memory is that architecture should have some regards to the culture and time where it has developed. Every building has its own beauty regarding its time being.Ruskin (2008, pp. 4-5) believed that every building especially national(prenominal) and residential building have some ruttish aspect towards owner and space users. There are certain elements inside that cannot be renewed or replaced.1.2 Restoration as a Form of LieEven more, ac cording to Ruskin (2008, pp. 15) restoration is a form of lie. We may make the same skeleton of the old building, or even portraying the exact same interior of the old. But still, the old building is destroyed, there will be no more emotional connection with people, whereby what they really connected with has gone, even after being replaced with something that is precisely the same.It will be better to have a robustly built organize that is strong decent to stand for quite sometimes, rather than having a building that is only last for a generation. Moreover, it is the nature of a building to have oftentimes longer life span than man. So why should we build one that requires changes after only short times, where actually it can be strongly remained?2. Eugne Viollet- le-Duc2.1 Restorations of Medieval BuildingsDifferent from Ruskin, Viollet- le-Duc was well known for his restorations projects of medieval buildings. When Ruskin strongly argued that restoration is a lie, Viollet- le -Duc has his own view on restorations projects.Restorations on medieval buildings appeared in France in the early 1830s, whereby there was a concern on medieval buildings that were slowly destructed as time goes by. Viollet- le-Duc was then firstly commissioned to restore Cathedral of Narbonne in 1839.As an architect and theorist, Viollet- le-Duc (Viollet- le-Duc, as cited in Levine, 2009, pp. 152) argued that what was lacking in the restoration field is the truth. A lot of French architects were making imitations objects, whereby the restorations were all look exactly the same with the old building before it destroyed.Viollet- le-Duc, aligned with Ruskins view about restoration as a form of lie, also believed that by imitating what has been there in the old buildings before and just directly made a newer version of it will bring no truth to the whole point of restorations. Restoration will be seen just to renew and renew the buildings whereby actually the originality of the buildin gs will be keep lacking.Viollet- le-Duc (Levine, 2009, pp. 154) then introduced a method of restoring with achieving something new and valid. He took what is the most crucial element in the old building still using it but with the combination of creative modification. He pushed restorations to be beyond the limit and therefore leads to the era of Modernism.2.2 Theory of Hut(Viollet- le-Duc Theory of Hut about victorious the original elements of the old building and convert them into something new will be covered in the next semester)E. The Values of Merging Old and New Architecture1. Unconventional twist created by merging old and new architectureHaving both the originality of spaces with the new function will surely bring new sensation of the interior spaces (Conran, as cited in Niesewand, 1998, pp. 01) Imagine a sitting room with a perform high ceiling, a workspace with the sunray glazes on the floor of a seaside house. We can get both the new function without sacrificing the b eauty of old. The necessity of people is fulfilled, but now in a different unique ways. This will affect people in various ways Fulfilment of necessity achieved in old environment, whereby in contradiction it is something new for people. People will perceive the old as a new thing as the function is now changing. Unconsciously, the space users will be in two different periods of time in a same place. This will provide the people some feelings of unendingly being in different places all the time. Somehow, this is actually a benefit for people, especially Singaporean to be able to have two sensations in their spaces. Singaporean with the habit of living in small space due to land constraint will now be able to widen their view, although still being in the small space.2. Transitional Spaces Between The Old and NewTransitional spaces in architecture are commonly known as the connector of interior and exterior of the building. The use of transitional space is as a comfort zone as well a s buffer spaces where people are allowed to adjust their selves before going to the different area.According to the definition of transitional spaces (UCL, 2005), it is articulated as a cross point where it connects the two. In the field of merging old and new architecture, these transitional spaces are now functioned not as the connector of outdoor and indoor, but between the old and new. It can be a space between the interior and exterior, between the exteriors or between interiors as long as it is a linkage from the old to the new.(Case studies of transitional spaces in between old and new buildings will be covered next semester)3. Economically sizeable marketWith no doubt, reusing an existing building will bring a great economic advantage. Compared to build a new fabric, using an old building will only takes 50% to 70% construction works and therefore is less time consuming as well. (Cramer, 2007, pp.9) Moreover, demolition of old building nowadays is being perceived as an ecolo gical waste. New building means taking more of the natural resources as material sources. Why would we want to take more from earth if we still could do alteration of existing building coordinate? It is wiser for us to provide more natural resources for the next generation rather than using them to the maximum limit now.Moreover, for the space users themselves, it is another economic advantage to engage a readymade building than building a new one. The cost will definitely be higher to build a new structure than to reuse the old.4. Challenging The Creativity of DesignersDesigners nowadays have been so caught up with the thought that creativity is to be explored to the highest point, whereby to create something in the existing building is a barrier of creativity. (Cramer, 2007, pp.9) On the other hand, in the practice, it is actually a greater chance for designers and architects to explore their potential and creativity in the field of designing with old establishment.While desig ning the new structure, there is no constraint and rules that will bind the designer. Designers will have to explore and put more thoughts when it comes to old buildings. There are a lot of sources inside the old that designers will have to incorporate with their new design features. This will require more creativity from the designers.F. The ways of merging the old and new1. Converted Architecture new use for old buildingsLukas Feiress (Feiress, 2009, pp. 03) stated that we have to locate the present between the past and the future. In the present state, we cannot deny what has happened in the past, but still we need to look forward to the future. Converted architecture is a term of changing the use or function of an original building, especially the old and abandoned.Terence Conran, (Conran, as cited in Niesewand, 1988, pp.06) once said, How we use space and particularly how we live in it, requires a complex balancing act between practical limitations, individual requirements and personal preferences. Requirements of individual needs and personal preferences are a key to born-again architecture. Some people may assume triple volume height open space for living while others may not. Than maybe an old school or old church is more suitable for them. To convert an old building means that we are maximising the use of what is already there with some adjustments of new functions.We might want to admit the old structure or forms of the existing skin with adding a new function on to it. The essay will gives examples that some of the greatest contemporary architecture projects are actually done with the engagement of existing building structures.There are two approaches of how the old and new come together as a wholeBlend InThe new addition of function is blending in with the existing old fabric. They are now look similar and smoothly integrated. Various elements are used to bind the old and new together. It could be in terms of material, colours, or design of ne w structure that follows the old. Peoples view is being blurred, as they may perceive the new as the old or vice versa. Blend in could be use as the guideline to design the transitional spaces between the two.Neues Museum, Berlin Germany David Chipperfield(Case studies of Neues museum, Berlin by David Chipperfield as to bring the old and new as a whole whereby the new blended in with the old by the use of colour and material will be explored more in the next semester)ContrastThe new function is intentionally designed in communication channel with the old building. By treating it this way, space users will subconsciously feel as if theyre in two places in the same time.Museum of Sydney Australia 1983Firstly built for the governors house on 1788, rebuilt for the Museum of Sydney on 1983 (further explained in next semester about how the architect is successful in contrasting the new element but still harmonious with the old)Different types of building conversion to create contrastAd d OnIndicating the potentials of adding on a new structure to the existing building. There are no changes at all of the old building. New spaces being laid and extended onto existing fabric. The example shows that existing architecture and new structure form unexpectedly imaginative sense of balance although with two different elements.House at St Kevins Road by Odos ArchitectsInside-OutExploring the interior space of the old building. The original appearance of the existing site the Great Compromiser unchanged, but concentrating on the interior spaces. This type of converting is in line with conservation procedure to maintain the exterior of a historic building.Selexyz Dominicanen Bookstore Netherland (former church sour to bookstore)Change ClothesThe opposite of Inside-Out, whereby the approach is now to completely change the exterior faade of old building. New shell is now put to replace the existing fabric. This scheme of converting can be done for many old buildings that ha d gone through massive destruction of the exterior through ages and other for the optimization of buildings shell.Bunny Lane by Adam Kalkin (former factory turned to a house)(All of the case studies will be furthered explained in the next semester)2. Types of building to be convertedIt is not necessarily to be a historical building to be converted, but any old and abandoned structure. The main reason of merging the old and new architecture together is for people, especially young generation, to get to know their own culture and how life back there was like. Ruskin (Ruskin, as cited in Cramer, 2007, pp.15) said that The aesthetic value of something was closely linked to its age, and this aesthetic value should not be impaired by modern intervention. John Ruskin has stated that every building have their own beauty, their own ability to prescribe story about their own time being. It is not only the historical buildings that are able to tell us what happened in the past, but any other old buildings also.Potential types of buildings to be converted2.1 Ecclesiastical buildingA lot of ecclesiastical buildings are vacant nowadays. The most common reason is because of the need to have more spacious assembly space. It leads to create a single larger unit confluence space from combining two or three churches together and left other buildings empty. The value of a churchlike building is that they are spacious and tall enough to accommodate a lot of spaces. They are suitable for living or gathering spaces that require more time inside the space such as caf or restaurant. Larger spaces inside the church will allow people to feel more comfortable where they have to stay in quite long time.White Rabbit Restaurant Dempsey Hill Singapore (Former old chapel building)2.2 Municipal buildingMunicipal buildings are places that are own by government, they have high position in local community such as police station, government hospital or schools. These buildings are usually built penny-pinching to the main road or access area. They are highly accessible and this also becomes the value of municipal buildings. They are suitable for commercial message places such as retail or hospitality, as usually located at the heartland of a city.Fullerton Hotel- Singapore (Former General Post Office building)2.3 Commercial buildingOld commercial building, especially in Singapore, such as the old shop houses are more likely to become vacant as the result of changes in running(a) patterns. There are now trends to group all commercial spaces together in business or urban areas, such as the grouping of shop areas along Orchard Road along the way to Marina. The value of old commercial space is that they are tent not to have much decoration. They are often monotonous all look the same and therefore allowed more new adjustments to be made.House at No. 12 Kong Seen Road Singapore by Richard Ho (former shop house building)2.4 Industrial and OfficesIndustrial and offices are de signed to be practical and useful rather than beautiful. Creativity of designers is challenged the most in converting industrial spaces and offices. It is the nature of industrial buildings to be ignored by passers by and it is the designers job to transform them into much more attractive with still retaining some part of them. The value of this kind of buildings is they are usually very practical in the adjacency of spaces inside. Spaces work perfectly for the benefit of the users.(case study will be explained in the next semester)G. How will the space users cope with the new way of experiencing spaces based on the psychological effects from the above studies?The obstacles that people may face in coping with two elements at once.Will they get used to the changing of spaces inside?The adjustments by the space users and the design as well.(Will be explored in the next semester)