Essay --

CHAPTER 2CAUSES OF MENTAL HEALTH AND THE BURDEN ON THE POORLack of awareness has made mental distemperes appear mystical. about people suffer from mental disorders since birth(mental retardation) while some develop the disorders overtime(mental illness).Mental illnesses result from complex interactions between the mind, body and environment. Factors like long-term and acute stress, biological factors such as genetics, chemistry and hormones, use of alcohol, drugs and other substances, cognitive patterns such as constant negative thoughts and low self-esteem, social factors such as isolation, financial problems, family crack-up or violence are the scientific causes of a mental illness. (http//www.mentalhealth-matters.com.au/resources/ID1367819089.pdf)But agrarian people in India in general and tribal populations in particular, suffer their own beliefs and practices regarding health. Some tribal groups still believe that a disease is always caused by hostile spirits or by t he breach of some taboo. They therefore seek remedies through magico-religious practices. (Current health scenario in rural India, Ashok Vikhe patil, K.V.Somasundaram and R.C. Goyal)This is an inevitable consequence of the barriers in seeking timely and effective treatment for mental illness in rural India unavailability of mental health services, low level of literacy, socio- cultural barriers, superstition stemming from traditional and religious beliefs, stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness. active 75% of health infrastructure, medical professionals and other health resources are localised in urban areas where 27% of the population live. The poor penetration and the basic nature of rural health is also attributed to leave out of health litera... ...urden increasing to 15% by Disability Adjusted Life Year( DALY) * (Mental health services in rural India challenges and prospects by Anant Kumar)Mental illness constitutes nearly one sixth of all health-related disorders. With the population on a rise, altering values, life-style, unemployment and frequent instability in incomes, lack of social support and increasing insecurity, it is predicted that there would be substantial increase in the number of people suffering from mental illness in some(prenominal) urban and rural areas.In order to get rid of the vicious cycle of poverty feeding into mental illness, there is a need to imagine of mental health as a development priority instead of just a concern of public health and human rights. * DALY it is a treasure of overall disease burden, expressed as the numbers of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death.

Honor and Bravery in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth  Honor and Bravery A struggle is present in every tragedy, as a person tries to overcome their flaws and fit the mold of their ideal.  William Shakespe ar plainly defined a good man in the play, Macbeth.  Prudence and logic, temperance and patience, as well as the vindication of honor are Shakespeares specify characteristics of a good man. Honor and bravery are Shakespeares defining characteristics of a good man while illogical passion and impatience are characteristics that do not characterize a good man. As with any tragedy, Macbeths title character and hero had to fall from his place of greatness to see his faults and take calibrate his agonizing climb back to his previous position.  His position, that of a good man, was one that demanded respect in the beginning of Macbeth.  The Sergeant described Macbeths honor and bravery to queen mole rat Duncan in Act I, Scene 2. For brave Macbeth well he deserves that name/ Disdaining fortune, with his bran dishd steel/Which smoked with bloody execution/Like valours minion carved out his public life/Till he faced the slave   Macbeth defended his kings honor as well as his own, as Shakespeare showed a good man never backed down from a foe. In the later acts of the play, Shakespeare furthered the definition of a good man by portraying what a bad one was not.  In Macbeths darkest hours, he showed no sign of prudence and logic as he slayed King Duncan, and hired assassins to murder his friend Banquo.  Macbeth displayed his temerity in Act IV, Scene 1 saying, from this significance the very firstlings of my heart shall be / The firstlings of my hand. / And even now, / To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done (Act , Scene , Line ). Macbeth was no longer the logical, thinking man whom umteen admired.  He had become reckless, acting with only his passion and not his mind.  The tragedy of the murders he brought on fair Scotland was a direct result of this v iolation of the step of a good man. The most apparent flaws, and perhaps the most tragic in Macbeths character, is his lack of patience and temperance.  These shortcomings haunted Macbeth, causing him to let his overvaulting ambition bam fate, and hasten his doom.  Macbeth could not wait for an appointment to a position of more power.  Instead, he murdered the king to take his place.

Martin Luther King Jr :: Racism Blacks America

Martin Luther King Jr closely three centuries ago, African slaves were brought to the New World and putinto slavery. They were interact more cruelly in the United States than in anyother country that had ever practiced slavery, and ever since its prohibition African-Americans have fought oppression. Martin Luther King Jr., would fearimmensely in this fight. He was born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929. His father,Martin Luther King Sr. Was a Baptist minister and also preached for civil rights.By the time he was 17 he had decided to follow his fathers footsteps, so hehimself was ordained as a minister. After his graduation from the CrozerTheological Seminary, when he began postgraduate work at Boston University, hestudied the works of Indian nationalist Mohandas Gandhi, from whom he derivedhis own philosophy of nonviolent protest. He move to Alabama to become pastorfor a Baptist church. Just after he received his Ph.D. in 1955, King was askedto lead a bus ostracise in Montgomery. It had been formed after Rosa Parks wasarrested for refusing to give her seat to a white passenger. Throughout the 381days which the boycott lasted, he was arrested and jailed, repeatedly threatened,and his home was bombed. The boycott ended later that year when the SupremeCourt outlawed segregation in public transportation. This was his head start victoryand alone made Dr. King a highly respected leader. When he went to India in 1959,he studied Gandhis principle of Satyagraha or nonviolent persuasion, which heplanned to use for his social protests. In the pursual year he decided to moveback to Atlanta to become copastor with his father. In 1963 he was back inBirmingham, Alabama, where he led a colossal civil rights campaign, organizingdrives for black voter registration, desegregation, and better educationthroughout the South. During that time he led the unforgettable March onWashington where he delivered his noted I Have a Dream speech to millions ofviewers across the nation. The ne xt year he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.He went on to launching his first major northern campaign in Chicago. BlackBaptists were there opposing him, and a mob of club carrying Ku Klux Klanmembers and Neo-Nazis met his marchers. With all that he had said and done, onApril 3, 1983 he said I have been to the mountain top and seen the promiseland. This was the day prior to his demise. Sadly, the following day he wasshot to death in Memphis Tennessee. Nearly 500,000 of his loyal admirersattended his funeral.

The Spirit of the Romantic Period Essay examples -- Papers Wollstonecr

The Spirit of the Romantic Period The Romantic Period in English lit a observeure was an era that brought forth profound literary rebellion. Romantics were truly rebels. They were in total defiance of the morals set by the movement known as the neoclassical period. The Romantics were in any case idealists, who believed in change. These idealists wrote about the change they wanted, socially as well as politically. Nature, both human and natural, and childhood and social conditions were of the many themes literary artists of this time chose to strain on. Mary Wollst geniuscraft, William Blake, and William Wordsworth were among the literary artists who have done plainly this. In creating works much(prenominal) as, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, The Garden of Love, and She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, one can see the spirit of this era is well depicted. Mary Wollstonecraft can be noted as the womens advocate of her day. In her Vindication, she proclaims that just as men, women have rights. For centuries women had very little or no rights at all. Women were treated as if they were mere objects of beauty and they were expected to yield to the every supplicate of man. The conduct and manners of women, in fact, evidently prove that their minds be not in a healthy state. In a sense, women have been brain washed. They are taught from the womb by their mothers that they are to only maintain their appearances and be sweet and submissive. They are taught to spend their time questioning for love because the only way to get ahead is through marriage. Women never reach the realization that there is more to life.Women shouldnt feel inferior to men because they too are mortal beings. quite of spending time on beauty and frailty, wom... ... when she ceased to be. No one cared that she existed. However, it made a difference to Wordsworth. Even if no one cared, he did and that made the difference.It appears as though Wordsworth is describing the struggle of the lower class people to exist. One cannot live in loneliness and despair. Wordsworth seems to be revealing the callous attitude of society at that time.In composing their works, it is safe to assume that the Romantics shared a common interest. That interest was change. Mary Wollstonecraft, William Blake, and William Wordsworth are among the true rebels of their time. Through literary works such as A Vindication of the Rights of Women, The Garden of Love, and She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, we can see that these literary artists took no boundaries in challenging standards set by the church, government, and society in general.

Instruments of Change :: Third World Countries Progress Essays

Instruments of ChangeAs our world is becoming more technologically advanced, many countries are being forced to alternate their ways. many a(prenominal) Third World countries are in the process of modernization, though some are ahead of differents. Besides modernization, there are other factors that can turn a country to change. These factors consist of the military, a charismatic leadership, ideology, bureaucracy, and religion.The military can be a very powerful instrument of change. For example, the majority of countries in the center field East are ruled by the military. The military is seen as a very capable institution because of the fact that it can build or remove nearly anything. It is also most representative of the society because it includes all classes and types of large number. An illustration of the military as an instrument of change is the military takeover of Egypt, led by Nasser in 1952. The military takeover of a government is often referred to as a coup det at. Nasser was a member of the Free Officers. Nasser, like other members, came from a lower-middle class background and was frustrated with the feudal system that was being enforced in Egypt. Under the feudal system, only two percent of the people owned an entire 75% of the overturn. Due to the unfairness and the peoples hatred of the current king, the military took over the land of Egypt.The second instrument of change is leadership, which plays a significant role in the process of change. Nasser became the leader of Egypt after the military revolted. In 1953, Nasser gave a famous speech in Alexandria where someone open fire four shots at him but missed. Nasser was praised for this speech, stating I live for Egypt, I die for Egypt. These words turned Nasser into a charismatic leader- a leader who is seen as a type of God and is a huge role model to the people. During his rule, Nasser wanted to give Egypt back to the Egyptian people. Nasser accomplished this by giving extra plots of land to peasants, passing Agrarian Reform Acts to help out the lower classes, and by gaining control of the Suez canal. Needless to say, Nasser was seen as a great leader and hero in the Third World. The third instrument of change is ideology. Ideology is simply a belief system- what one feels is good or bad. Ideology can also be referred to as a set of political ideas or values.

Instruments of Change :: Third World Countries Progress Essays

Instruments of ChangeAs our world is becoming more technologically advanced, many countries are being forced to exchange their ways. Many Third World countries are in the process of modernization, though some are ahead of others. Besides modernization, there are other factors that evict influence a country to change. These factors consist of the military, a charismatic leadership, ideology, bureaucracy, and religion.The military can be a very powerful operator of change. For example, the majority of countries in the Middle East are ru guide by the military. The military is seen as a very capable institution because of the fact that it can build or destroy nearly anything. It is as well as most representative of the society because it includes all classes and types of people. An illustration of the military as an instrument of change is the military takeover of Egypt, led by Nasser in 1952. The military takeover of a government is often referred to as a coup detat. Nasser was a me mber of the Free Officers. Nasser, uniform other members, came from a lower-middle class background and was frustrated with the feudal system that was being enforced in Egypt. Under the feudal system, only two part of the people owned an entire 75% of the land. Due to the unfairness and the peoples hatred of the current king, the military took over the land of Egypt.The second instrument of change is leadership, which plays a significant role in the process of change. Nasser became the leader of Egypt after the military revolted. In 1953, Nasser gave a famous speech in Alexandria where soul fired four shots at him but missed. Nasser was praised for this speech, stating I live for Egypt, I die for Egypt. These words turned Nasser into a charismatic leader- a leader who is seen as a type of God and is a huge role model to the people. During his rule, Nasser wanted to give Egypt back to the Egyptian people. Nasser accomplished this by giving unembellished plots of land to peasants, passing Agrarian Reform Acts to help out the lower classes, and by gaining control of the Suez canal. Needless to say, Nasser was seen as a great leader and wedge in the Third World. The third instrument of change is ideology. Ideology is simply a belief system- what one feels is good or bad. Ideology can also be referred to as a set of political ideas or values.

Daydreams Essay: Exam Question

Daydreams A day dream is defined as a series of pleasant thoughts that remove is attention from the present. In my opinion, a daydream is not a frivolous activity practiced only by a doe eyed schoolgirl during an unendurable French lesson. A daydream acts as a subconscious portal which allows integrity to escape from angiotensin converting enzymes e actuallyday life of straining and negative circumstances. One could almost say it is chewing gum for the mind. Of course, some differ in that view.A critically acclaimed author Ian McEwan said The cost of mindless revery was al government agencys this moment of return, the realignment with what had been before and now seemed a little worse. his opinion is that daydreaming is a self depressant and that it would only make the persons view of their declare life disappointing. He believes that it is a pointless to waste ones time on imaginings of alternative lives that will never become reality. But I wonder if it was these obliviou s daydreams which lead to him writing many of his books like sweet tooth and atonement.Where is the fine line between daydreaming and simply idea of possibilities? I myself am a keen daydreamer, sometimes I more(prenominal)over lie on my bed and I quietly slip into a dreamtime of my own imaginings. I dont directly speak up some event or situation I drift between scattered thoughts in search of that perfect gap. That perfect possibility which fills me with an unconscious serenity and extracts me from my reality to show me a fictional circumstance.When I carefully draw that perfect possibility from the shadows of my mind, like picking an eyelash from my cheek, I examine it cautiously so as not to miss a moment of the fabricated thought. My daydreams can vary from the most extravagant and outlandish events to very trivial thoughts formed by my imagination. I often daydream nearly my future and what it could be like. My mind becomes completely consumed by this image and the steps I would need to take to make it a reality. I very very much enjoy watching movies where you see projections of the characters daydreams.These daydreams normally vividly depict what that character would manage to do in that moment it is usually an action that would not be acceptable in society. For example, an employee humorously insults their boss or a mother-in-law imagines shoving her daughter-in-laws face into a cake. These amusing daydreams provide a comedic outlet. But when I am watching these movies I cant help tho wish my daydream was that vivid. I never get a completely clear image all I get is a serious of quick flashes of images.My daydreams are not fluent they are choppy they dont possess a natural flow like my sleeping dreams have. I often wonder if the fluidity of day dreams and dreams changes for each person. Some psychiatrists believe that the imaginings of ones mind is associated with mental health and stability, so my question is if peoples mental health varies does their way of dreaming vary? Many famous people have become famous because of their daydreams. Einstein is believed to have begun his theory of relativity while he daydreamed about riding or running beside a sunbeam to the edge of the universe.This tiny moment where Einsteins mind accidentally wandered resulted in a coarse scientific breakthrough. Einsteins theory of relativity which contributed to the development of the atomic bomb. Many famously inspired people praise daydreaming, a well cognize American poet named Rita Dove celebrates daydreaming. She once said I want to discuss an activity which is barely tolerated in adolescence, never encouraged in school but without which no bridges would soar, no light bulbs burn. She found that daydreaming was like a creative outlet where one can discover something beautiful without attention.Mozart similarly believed that daydreaming was a process of greatness All this inventing, this producing, takes place in a lively dream I fi nd it amazing that one daydream, just one, can create a ripple effect and change the world. This tiny thought which is considered insignificant, at first look, can cause an action which is very much significant, in the long term. The positive effects of daydreaming are limitless but of course, daydreaming also has its negative aspects. There is a time when daydreaming can be useful and productive, but other times it can cause you to lose focus and you can miss out.There is a time for hallucination but there is also a time for reality. But overall, my opinion is that daydreaming is positive when one is not daydreaming constantly and about awful things, which can result in depression. Daydreams can be very influential on a persons mental health. If one is only thinking about negative possibilities, their outlook on life becomes cloudy and hopeless. I once heard someone say How many of our daydreams would darken into nightmares, were there riskiness if their coming true. Just becau se one imagines something it does not mean they want it to come true.The fact that daydreams are just daydreams makes them free to anyone with an imagination. Daydreaming is an activity for all ages one does not have to be of a certain height to daydream. One does not have to be a particular age to daydream and one does not require three forms of identification to daydream. When one is daydreaming they are free of judgment and worry. Some say, one mans daydream is some other mans day, but neither will ever know, I think it is the fact that our daydreams are private that makes them our own personal unwritten diary of hope.Just like ones diaries our daydreams change, our handwriting improves and our thoughts become slightly more grounded. When we are young our daydreams consist of imaginary friends from exotic places and tea parties on the moon about with the Easter bunny and Santa Clause. Daydreams as a child are not recognised by the daydreamer. Children can often confuse their f antasies with reality and think their daydreams actually happened. We can openly express our daydreams with others and it is accepted in society and cast off as the sweet imaginings of children with active imaginations.When we are older our daydreams become more refined and closer to reality. The more mature daydreamer imagines what their life would be like if they had taken a different path , some also imagine situations that they are presently in and how they would change if they said or did something. Of course every now and then the inner child in everybody takes charge and we concede to our childlike fantasies. But these fantasies are not confessed to others often. We never become too old to dream but I wonder at what age one becomes too old for the publication of ones daydreams.

The Japanese Culture

The Japanese culture in unlike any other in the cosmea. It has long been know for its excellence in education and its strong background of family and religion.The Japanese culture dates back to 10,000 BC with many fascinating periods and events. They span from the days of the samurai and shogun, to 1945 when the atomic turkey was dropped on Hiroshima.Although a bomb would be a devastating blow for any country, rapid industrialization and aid from the United States brought Japan to the forefront of world affairs. Japan is roughly the size of California with a population of 120 million Japanese, 670,000 Koreans and 130,000 of other nationalities. The capital of Japan is Tokyo and the government is a parliamentary democracy, made up of elected representatives.Chinese culture has about five thousand years history which is an extremely long period of time. The Chinese refinement was growing with these periods of time and it will continues greater than ever and it one of the oldest cont inuous civilizations in history and dominant cultural center of East Asia is chinaware.Chinese Kung Fu, alike known as Chinese martial arts, is an important part of traditional Chinese culture. It is probably one of the earliest and longest lasting sports, which utilizes both muscular tissue and brain3Japans economic freedom history is 72.3, making its economy the 30th freest in the 2018 Index. Its general score has increased by 2.7 points, with dramatic deficit reduction better the score for fiscal health and far outpacing a decline in government integrity.Japan is ranked 8th among 43 countries in the AsiaPacific region, and its overall score is above the regional and world averages.The economy of Japan is a highly developed and market-oriented economy. It is the third-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP), and is the worlds second largest developed economy.Japan is a member of the G7. According to the International Moneta ry Fund, the countrys per capita GDP (PPP) was at $37,519, the 28th highest in 2014, rectify from the 22nd position in 2012. Due to a volatile currency exchange rate, Japans GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates widely.Accounting for these fluctuations through subroutine of the Atlas method, Japan is estimated to have a GDP per capita of around $38,490.Chinas economic liberty score is 57.8, making its economy the 110th freest in the 2018 Index. Its overall score has increased by 0.4 point, with developed scores for government honesty and legal effectiveness more than balancing declines in fiscal health, labor freedom, and property rights.China is graded 24th between 43 countries in the AsiaPacific region, and its overall score is below the regional and world averages.4The low standard of living permits companies in China to pay their workers less than American workers. That makes products cheaper, which lures overseas producers to outsource jobs to China.

Social Media: Is It Good or Bad?

Social Media Is it Good or Bad? It is incredible that only fifteen years ago, battalion were still using the postal services as their primary source for communication. Although the United Postal Service has non gone out of business, people argon switching over from the old fashion stamp and letter to e-mails, social media sites, and instant messaging as a more convenient way of exchanging information. In just a few years, the usage of social media sites, like Facebook and Twitter, has been increasing exponenti entirelyy, and is becoming more and more active (Zuckerberg).However, despite the conveniences, the popularity of social media has also gained indisposed(predicate) viewpoints from a more traditionally conservative audience. Nevertheless, social media has beneficially changed society beca practice of its educational benefits, public relation tools, and communicational conveniences. As the popularity of social media increases, so do the amount of educational benefits. Educati on is an important aspect in any sort of society because it mentally prep atomic number 18s a generation to lead future businesses, industries, and governments in the future.In some atomic number 18as of the world, the availability of schools and teachers atomic number 18 scarce. Even in the United States, certain students are deprived of higher leveled learning because educators are not found in those specific areas. But with the resources we have through the internet, we can provide education to people all around the world, as long as they can nark it. 84 percent of teenagers today are currently using methods, such as instant messaging, as a means of educational communication (Blake 5).There are benefits that can be derived from learning in a virtual classroom, such as confidentiality with the idea of being anonymous behind a computer screen, students are also less intimidated to engage in class discussions and ask questions (Blake 5). These new innovative techniques of learni ng can stimulate more advance levels of thinking. As technology and social media continue to grow, so will the availability of these online education programs. While the education receives benefits through social media, another area of society takes lavish advantage of the tools provided by online networking as well.In recent years, social media has become a very valued method of spreading information to a mass audience. Since many an(prenominal) people use social media sites, groups like industries, businesses, and organizations utilize Facebook pages and twitter to post updates and information. Social media provides communities of interest for marketers to tar bug out specific audiences (Martin 220). It is much easier to track groups of people who are interested in a specific product by searching their likes on Facebook or their comments on Youtube.This technique becomes much more efficient than direct advertisements in the mail to every house in a neighborhood after doing surv eys. Even Barrack Obama was competent to gain publicity through the office of social media his name gained national recognition in 2004 which eventually led to the title of the United States president (Martin 220). As long as his public relations officers were able to locate communities of interest, they were able to win over support through networks on social media sites.Even if you already have a stable access to education, and you do not seek any tools for public relations, social media can still serve as a valuable resource. Communication is the obvious reason for why we all use social media beside using to advertising and education, we use social media to chat with our friends and communicate with our family. When families live very far away, people are able to reconnect with them through a network of social media. Even in jobs, people often use Facebook groups to create an online virtual community to build stronger bonds among the workers (Melwood).This is the same for peopl e who use instant messaging to communicate with friends at school. Social media provides many benefits because it is just one of the many things that has been invented to make our lives easier. Social media has not always been this convenient scarce it has definitely come a long way even up to this day, it is evolving and becoming even more convenient for the usage of others. The more people get involved in the virtual world of social media, the more benefits become available. Works Cited Blake, Robert J. Brave New Digital Classroom Technology and Foreign oral communication Learning. Washington, D.C. Georgetown UP, 2008. Print. Page 5 Martin, Dick. Secrets of the Marketing Masters What the Best Marketers Doand Why It Works. New York American Management Association, 2009. Print. Melwood, Ronnelle. 3 Benefits of Creating a Facebook Group. Benefits of a Facebook Group. SetUFreeVA, 13 June 2011. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. . Zuckerberg, Mark. One Billion People on Facebook. One Billion People on Facebook. Facebook, 4 Oct. 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. .

Bicentennial Man

Bicentennial Man is a film that depicts philosophical musings in a science fiction story. It relays the story of a robot named Andrew Martin and his unique sense of self-awareness as he discovers the remarkable qualities of humanity, and how such(prenominal) exposure seizes him to aspire for human-likeness.It lingers on the idea of free will, which struggles to find its place in the being of Andrew, a robot who can rationalize things. The movies premise revolves on the idea of humanity and how an object such as a robot could be considered as a rational being, rather than what it was originally intended to be which was to hang human beings.The film goes finished the motions of Andrews arrival in the Martin family and the inter achievementions he had experienced toward them that contributed to his fascination about humans. As the story progresses, Andrew becomes immersed in his ability to fully understand the human condition that he becomes like one.The dilemma in this film is fan cyn when Andrew attempts to insist upon his human-likeness by behaving in a rational manner, which agitates human beings who do not understand his exceptionality. Analysis At the beginning of the film, it was projected that Andrews sole purpose was to serve and obey the Martin family.Like all robots, Andrews function was to allow for to the needs of the humans he was assigned to serve. The political theorist, Jeremy Bentham, describes this relation as the concept of utilitarianism. Bentham explains that the utilization of an object or person is relative to the benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or gratification produced by the object or individualist for the party concerned.In its simplest terms, it defines the use of an object, or even individuals, as a means to an end. The purpose of using anything depends on the sentiment of pleasure and pain as the former is seen as good while the latter is seen as evil (Nelson 205).The funda mental principle of utilitarianism derives its condition from the assumption that individuals act according to their own self-interest which sought pleasure and avoided pain. This line of thinking anticipates an individuals actions or demeanour since it recognizes the imperfection of humanity and how individuals need objects or some other human beings to survive (Nelson 207- 210).In the context of the film, Andrews initial role was merely a utility that produced pleasure or happiness for the Martin family. This was shown when the family ordered him to do things for them, which was exactly what he was intended for.However, over the course of his interactions with the members of the Martin family, especially with the youngest daughter Amanda, Andrew became to a greater extent self-aware of his state and his comprehension of the beings he was obligated to. Mr. Martins tempt on the growth of knowledge that Andrew received through the books he was given to read and the conversation pieces that they had, created a lasting impact o n Andrews faculty to understand and imitate the complexities of humanity. Andrew turned a unique consciousness that led him on a quest for self-realization.He had demonstrated a capacity to function beyond his means, through the creation of objects by carving, his fondness for music that led him to learn how to play the piano and his special interest in the human condition. His ability to develop creativity on his own volition, which is considered a human trait, places him in an awkward light that dimly reflects the uncertainty of his being. The concept of free will clearly operates in this section of the film as it portrays Andrews ability to reason and act in reference to the way he understands his situation.Immanuel Kant defines free will as a direct experience of reality brought about by introspection. It relies on the faculty of volition that pushes an individual to decide or act on something without being coerced to do it (Nelson 117).Andrew had demonstrated the concept of free will in the scene where he asked Mr. Martin if he could obtain his freedom. This correlates with Kants discussion about how freedom is seen as autonomous. Kant defines the laws authorities autonomy as conditions under which the will of one individual could be combined with those of others, according to a general law of freedom.In obeying this general law, an individual was chase an natural moral law which is the result of her or his reasoning. The individual is said to carry out an act for the purpose of being aware of her or his capability to act (Nelson, 118).Furthermore, the concept of sovereignty is magnified in this scene as Andrew was able to assert himself as a rational being when he communicate for his freedom since he believed that he had the right to ask for it. According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Freedom is a sovereign right.It is aspired by rational beings who view themselves as beings of worth. For Andrew to have been allowed by Mr. Martin the privilege of ackno wledging that signifies his acceptance of Andrews rational sense of being (Nelson 133). Andrew also validated his human-likeness when he exercised his free will to build his own house and go through on his own to find his destiny. He made the decision not because someone ordered him to leave, but he did it out of his interest to discover more things about himself and the world around him.Another revelation in the film supports the philosophy of Kant when it emphasized that an action should be done from employment to have moral worth. Kant maintains that duty does not depend on the realization of the object of action, rather on the principle of volition in performing the action which disregards any object of liking (Nelson 120 -125). Andrews duty to still serve the Martin family after being acknowledged as free establishes his moral worth since he performed them out of his own will and not because he was obligated to.The fact that he did things according to his own understanding o f them connotes how his behavior and line of thinking has changed from the beginning of the film up to that point Kant also stated that the greatest good or morality of an act should only be identified under the conception of the existing internal moral law, which can only be found in a rational being. Since Andrews actions were mostly dictated by his own judgment of things, his behavior reinforces him to become rational, which is the only trait that is ascribed to humans (Nelson 120 -125).Andrews realization of his conflicted being came into light when he stopped referring to himself as one and started to use I in the latter part of the movie. I is a term used to identify humans while one is commonly used in identifying a thing or referring to another person. The transition from one to I is a vital indication that Andrew saw himself as a rational being. This occurrence gave Andrew the luck to assert his self as though he was part of the human race.There are a lot of peculiar charac teristics that outlined Andrews uniqueness from other robots. He displayed a higher understanding about human beings because he too exhibited qualities that were considered flawed when compared to other robots of function. He had developed an inclination toward emotionality and creativity, specifiable traits that are uniquely present among human beings. It is essential to take note of this since the very idea of Andrews immortality and perfect composition is questioned because of the human-like traits that he possessed.Andrews hard-hitting ability to portray human characteristics and personalities makes him a very interesting character to study since he defies the natural laws of reason regarding free will. His possession and understanding of such ideas like emotions, mortality, free will and discernment creates tension within his nature as it was not expected of him to possess such qualities. The film tackled the very conception of humanity, arguing how to determine the boundari es of being human.In the movie, Andrew contended that being human should not only be based upon the physical attributes that defines humanity it should also be rooted on the principles of individual comprehension and the concept of death.Andrew gave up his mortality in order to be accepted as human. Although in the film, it would seem that Andrews nature cannot be changed for his metaphysical make-up is a robot, his assertion of his self and the idea of being recognized as part of the human race is a trait of a rational being.Kant lucidly explains the complexities of the human condition when he states that all individuals should be treated as ends and never merely as a means. He stresses that the rights of an individual must be upheld through the pursuance of equality before the law and the acquisition of education that leads to enlightenment. Based on this statement, rationality is characterized by the ability to see oneself as an entity of worth. It is to apply reasoning to verify his or her existence. From the films perspective, Mr.Martin had demonstrated Kants edict with regard to his involvement in Andrews mental progress since he gave Andrew the chance to achieve something that was beyond a robots nature. Mr. Martins support formulated Andrews exceptional voice that lends a humanistic view on life. Andrews appreciation for life was borne out of Mr. Martins subjective treatment of the robot as a being of worth. each of these things mentioned by Kant are found within Andrews being. If this is what defines humanity as a whole then Andrew is very much human despite his origins.It is through Andrews expression of freedom that digests his humanity. Conclusion The film attempts to blur opinions about morality and humanity both terms are used interchangeably to affirm the existence of human beings.It takes apart human reasoning through the being of a robot and relays its sentiments about the world in a self-imposing way. The views of Bentham, Rousseau and Kant explain part the complex nature of humanity found in the film and how it has affected the way people have defined their existence.It is a movie that challenges each individual to look closely at her or his imperfections and render appreciation for the uniqueness each one possesses. As difficult as it is to fully grasp the concept, it is all important(p) to analyze the film as a tool of introspection into the consciousness of our rationality as humans since it questions the very essence of how we understand our existence. Work Cited Nelson, Brian R. westerly Political Thought From Socrates to the Age of Ideology. 2nd ed. New York Prentice Hall, 1995.

Film Analysis Essay on Crash (2004)

The movie Crash from director and producer Paul Haggis pictures unity day in the lives of various characters in Los Angeles, all of them from variant companionable and racial backgrounds but nevertheless connected and intertwined throughout the story. The movies story is beingness told in a mostly chronological way, except that it puts one scene to the very beginning of the film and then cuts back to the day prior, indicated by the ocular text yesterday.In this first sequence, detectives Graham Waters and his married person Ria have been rearended when they arrive at a crime scene, leading to a fight between Hispanic Ria and the accident responsible, furious Chinese Kim Lee, involving race-related insults towards each other. respite through the temporal order and showing everything that has happened prior to this fight gives the explanation why Kim Lee is so furious and why she was in such a hurry, as her husband is in hospital for being run over by a car.This strategy of pl aying with the viewers imprint and discernment about the single characters is one that is central for the movie. Therefore a lot of prejudices are implicitly and explicitly presented through the narrative and the movies surface. Anthony and mother fucker for example are being pictured as two young adolescents just leaving a diner and discussing the (non-)discriminating treatment of the waitress. In Anthonys opinion even other black people are racist towards Afro-Americans and that white people are scared of them although they are not even dressed deal gang-bangers.This gives the impression of young people being worried and angry about ungrounded racial discrimination. Then the dialogue suddenly miscellanys, both of them pull a atom smasher and they steal the car from Rick and dungaree Cabot the two white people they just accused of having prejudices about them leaving the viewer with a sudden change in the characterization they were given before. The movie continues resemb ling this when it shows the Hispanic locksmith Daniel Ruiz mean-looking, tattooed and with a shaved head.Jean Cabots assumption about him being a Gang division who will sell the keys to their house as soon as he is out the door is consistent with his outward appearance. It is not until later in the movie, when he arrives at home taking loving care of his daughter, that the first impression is negated and turned into the opposite. Most of the characters in Crash turn out to be different than the first picture that is drawn of them all the time turning the story towards unanticipated events and revealing Copernican information bout character backgrounds. Beyond that, it is important mentioning the complex net of connections and entanglements that occur between the characters and their stories and events. There is Jean Corbet, accusing her locksmith Daniel Ruiz of being a gang member, whose daughter is almost shot by the Iranian shop owner Farhad, whose daughter works in the mortua ry where Detective Graham Waters dead brother is identified as scape, who stole Jean Corbets car, making her change the locks in her house in the first place.This list of connections could be continued with for another while, as on that point are more characters snarly with even more links between them. This motive of connection is also shown by the cuts from one scene to the next via an audible and/or a visual connection. For instance when Ria storms out of Graham Waters apartment and slams the door after her, the film cuts to Officer John Ryan lying in his bed suddenly being woken up by his Crash 2004 Identity and Diversity in American Film Miriam Keller 05/30/2012 Miriam Keller 05/30/2012 groaning father.To the viewer it looks like he is wakes up from the slamming door, although there is no diegetic connection. Another example is the cut from Anthony and Peter just having stolen the black navigator, to the crime scene of the shooting between two drivers. As the car with An thony and Peter drives through the picture it cuts to a police car passing by in exactly the same camera-shot and revealing the crime scene behind it. Match-cuts like this are a reoccurring stylistic element, emphasizing the just specified net of entanglements.The central topic of racism and prejudices in the movie Crash is shown from various different angles, pointing at the complexity of this issue. It states that nothing and no one can be easily characterized and the importance of looking at the bigger picture instead of group someone. All the different characters with their intertwined stories make it clear that everyone is connected and the range of influence of one persons behavior is further than one would expect.

Impression de Voyage

This poem Impression De Voyage by Oscar Wilde is in the sonnet form ABBA-ACCA-DEFFED. All in all though it really is just nearly the voyage, the poet took everything into account. The 14 lines stanza of the poem is composed in iambic pentameter and with a complex rhyme scheme. The Poet uses sounds in the sestet at the end. The imagery is nice (sapphire/opal/ trigger-happy solarise upon the sea). There is the imagery of nature, sea and ship. Wilde presents ship imagery through various images like steep prow, hoisted sail, the mast, creek and the stern. All these images symbolize a voyage or a journey perhaps a journey from life to death.Ship actually symbolizes refuge and sea is the symbol of danger. The color of the sun is red and it is acquittance to set in the west. This image of red sun upon the seas to ride symbolize lifes journey towards death. Lycaons snowy peak is also typify death and sterility. At the same instance the poet is mentioning the images flower strewn hills, blowing fair wind, blue lands, and olive grove, they all symbolize life. The use of auditory images flapping of the sail, the wind was blowing, crumple of the water, ripple of girls laughter, these create aural impressions, symbolizing life, activity and energy.Thus life has lay with death by using distinguish images. The poet has used different colors to describe the beauty of nature. Nature meant many things to the amorouss. This poem is as true of Romantic landscape painting as of Romantic nature poetry. Romantic nature poetry is essentially poetry of meditation. Oscar Wilde has romanticized the nature in this poem. The landscape of the sea and the sky/ burned like a heated up opal through the air, establishes temporal and spatial distance between the enthusiastic visitor and the fabled Greece of myth and romance.The sapphire/ blue color of the sea is juxtaposed with heated opal/red sky. Blue color is the color of heaven. It is the color of equilibrium and impartiality (being the color devoid of all heat). It is the color that symbolizes Peace, tranquility, cold, calm, stability, harmony, unity, cleanliness, revise. While red is the color of fire. It symbolizes the extreme of activity, Excitement, energy, passion, love, desire, speed, strength, power, heat, aggression, danger, fire, blood, war, violence, and all things intense and passionate.The colors symbolizing peace and tranquility have juxtaposed with colors symbolizing aggression, passion and danger. According to Empidocles opening of plurality psyche is the mixture of opposites. Good and bad both exist together in the realness Thus Wilde has brought the contrasting images together in order to show plurality in life. The repetition of the words The flapping of in the lines 10 and 11 shows the balance between opposites which exist in nature posture by side. The tone of the poet is tender and mood is of excitement and enthusiasm.This poem could have been written by Lord Byron, because it is his style that Wilde copies. In this poem we have got the military issue of Greece as a fabulous place. It seems that in Impression De Voyage, the French Impressionism term in the title appears misplaced, for in establishing a mythological setting (by mentioning Zakynthos, olive grove, Ithacas cliff, Lycaons snowy peak and hills of Arcady), Wilde abandons any attempt at depicting impressions instead he describes a voyage to Greece, a return to the world of the flower-strewn hills of Arcady.It can also be considered that the title of this poem misleads, for a description of the voyage (including the ripple of girls laughter at the stern) supersedes the effect of briefly see fleeting images. In the final line I stood upon the soil of Greece at last the speaker perhaps experiences an imaginative voyage into the mythological past.

Debut Albums and Hell Risen Youth

Charming and Intellectual beyond this universe. I am Traveon, an angel blessed and hell move youth. As the Prince of California, I look to expand my territory, and make Arizona a part of my domain. I am the son, of Timothy Presley and Jamie Freeman. I have helped young children, micturate dreams, not even they could destroy. I have helped, the Queen of my birth, through many obstacles in which she too, has returned the favor. What you see on the outside, is not, what is on the inside.You see tattoos, and there shall be many more. My body is, and for ever bequeath be, marked up so those who seek to see my inside shall understand, this sacred soul. I have many skills, and am know as the best. A beast on the gridiron, I am called and known, as a Goblin. When I step on the field, I transform. I become Ferocious, Powerful, and Callous. not the biggest, but I have proven to be ticking time bomb, test me, and feel my wrath. l, Assassin of the holy ground, have been noticed, for my destru ction.With a full-ride scholarship, I waitress for more offers. My inferiors talk sweet in my face, and curse me behind my back. Jealous of my accomplishment, I pay them no mind, whether it is good or bad, its Just fuel to my fire. No matter what they say, I will never back down, or never lose focus, because they cannot deny, nor will they get in the way of my mission, Dominance. I close my eyes, and listen, as Lucifer plans to lead me in the wrong direction, he loathes my success.It does not phase me in any ay, for the creator of all man, has given me enough strength, to walk prehistoric his facile and futile attempts to fluster me, and knock me off course. I continue in the same direction as I started, straight, the fork in the eternally remain in this direction, no matter how often my father neglects me, or how often he denies ever forgetting me and blames our separation, on the golden princess that raised me. He just wants me to carry his name, he knows what IVe become, and only sees that my future is promising.I hold his blood, but I have already found my father, Blaine Freeman. I will no longer let the dread of my familys drama decide my dedication or failure, my happiness or my sorrow, I have overcome it. Pain is something I do not express, I hate the pity, I only wish to pursue my dreams, I will not pretend or be humble, and I will make it to the top. It will not take too much longer though I am already way ahead of everyone else.

Critically Evaluate the Debates Surrounding the Continuity

3. Critic eithery assess the debates surrounding the continuity of Bretton timberlandss origins. Which of these institutions would you recommend to be discontinued? Justify your choice. While preparing to redo the supra farmingal sparing trunk after WWII, 730 delegates of the 44 allied nations met in New Hampshire, unify States, to year the Bretton Woods placement. The aim was to set up rules and regulations to stabilize the world-wide m peer littletary system and ensure the set down movement of capital goods through a global market.The agreement established two regulatory institutions, foremost the International Monetary investment firm (IMF) to control the ex deviate rates and bridge temporary imbalances of payment. second, the International chamfer of reconstruction and Development (IBRD), later known as the human being bank, which was founded to finance the reconstructive memory of contain tell of war Europe. In 1947 the Havana Charter proposed a third reg ulatory institution, the International Trade Organization (ITO) that modify into the existence Trade Organization (WTO).This essay will critically evaluate the performance of the three Bretton Wood? s institutions, giving recommendations to operational changes for the IMF and the WTO, and argue to discontinue the WB as it operates currently. The IMF was one of the key institutions that alter the gentlemans gentleman economy after WWII. Its initial remnant was to regulate and stabilize exchange rates and assists the reconstruction of the worlds international payment system. One of the key objectives of the IMF was to prevent the devaluation cycle.Through joining the IMF in the post War period, countries surrendered their sparing rights, specially on setting its exchange rate, in return they were guarantied exchange stability, turning away of competitive exchange depreciation and a liberal regime of international repayments (deVries, 1986). Essentially the original institution behind the IMF, was to control the behaviour of countries that joined the IMF, spelled out in a code that was administered by an international institution. The 1970s oil crisis was a turning point for the role that the IMF played.Third world countries were close modify by the oil crisis, since their economies became dependent on oil and the increasing prices accumulated large amounts of debt. The IMF agreed to append money, and rose to new prominence, with new functions and greater functions of control everyplace even much dependent countries (Peet, 2009). The principal(prenominal) change in the IMFs electric charge, is the shift of lending to first world countries, in order to reconstruct the world payment system using expansionary policies, to lending to third world countries, accompanied by conditionalitys, which crop countries fiscal and monetary policies.Anne Kruger, managing director of the IMF, said Much of what we do is very different from the way the Fund operated in those early years. It has to be. The world economy has changed beyond recognition. But we compose apply those same total principles, international financial stability and the prevention of crises (Kruger 2004) The IMF became subject to b ar blame, one of the important critics is Joseph Stiglitz. He argued that the IMF has failed its mission to sustain global economic stability.The main point of his argument is that the IMF has diverged its initial mission based on the assumption that markets did not constantly work perfectly, that is, there were clips when intervention top executive be mandatory to secure a st up to(p) global economic order (Stiglitz, 2002) Now, he argues, the IMF operates largely on the unreasonable ideology that markets should be left to operate on their own, with no need of intervention. The upper-case letter Consensus largely influenced the change in economic policies of the IMF. The Consensus was based on Latin American countries, were growth was not sustained.The belief of the Washington Consensus was that this had happened as a result of excessive government intervention in the economy. The Consensus therefore recommended policies such as capital market ease, fiscal austerity and the privatisation of public companies. Furthermore, critics say the IMF frequently argues for the same economic policies c beless(predicate) of the situation. (Pettinger, 2008) The IMF blindly imposed the same conditionalitys to all its loans. What policies might have worked for one country might make matters even worse in others.The Argentinean financial crisis (1999-2002), infralines that the policies imposed by the IMF can lead a country into a severe recession. The IMF convinced the Argentinean government to maintain its fixed rate of exchange one peso for one U. S. dollar. This made imports artificially cheap but exports too expensive. Consequently, Argentina had a severe merchandise famine. Secondly, in order to maintain the overvalued currency, a country needs large reserve of dollars. The IMF change $40 billion to support the Argentina peso, enhancing the debt of the country.On top the IMF made its loans conditional to a zero deficit policy. Argentinas implosion has the IMFs fingerprints all over it. (Weisbrot, 2001) However the IMF has in addition been the last opportunity for umpteen countries to avoid a default. or so currently, the IMF has given Greece a 1. 6 billion euro loan, to keep the Greek economy floating, and stabilize the euro zone. Another criticism of the IMF is that decisions made on which countries have the right to borrow money argon made by a handful of nations who have the main rights.Out of the 24 board peniss in the IMF, lone(prenominal) 10 be diligent by ontogenesis countries, holding besides 26% of the shares. America in comparison has nearly 18% of the shares in the IMF. This inequality in the board of the IMF shows that decisions are mainly focused in developed countries. Sti glitz argues that the IMFs decisions were compulsive by the collective will of the G7. Wealthy, industrialized nations, and the commercial and financial interests within those countries dominate the IMF. The IMF was not wrongly criticized, tho the existence of the IMF is still important and inevitable.The current financial crisis has shown that supranational organizations such as the IMF still play a key role in stabilizing countries economies. However in order for the IMF to change state in future and efficiently operate in economically developed and less developed countries, several(prenominal) changes will have to be adopted. Firstly the board members will have to split up more evenly. It is understandable that larger countries with more economic output have slightly more voting power than smaller ones. However developed countries, holding 74% of voting power, solely make decisions.Since the IMF largely gives loans to less developed countries, they should have enough members on the board to able to make decisions, on loan agreements. Secondly the IMF has to make detailed analyses of severally country they borrow too, and based on that give consultancy on economic policies. History has shown that countries can prosper with different economic policies. While the western economy has largely with child(p) on a liberalized set down market, the Asian Tigers have managed to grow, ignoring the neoliberal economic policies the IMF imposed on them.Therefore the IMF must acknowledge that not every country can develop successfully under the same economic policy. The man Bank is the second institution founded at the Breton Woods conference. It was formally named the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The initial role was to help in the reconstruction of post-war Europe, hardly mentioning the issues of global impoverishment reduction. Now, however the initiation Bank operates as a development agency, providing loans to developing cou ntries, in order to reduce destitution and increase living standards.In its mission statement the bank says, Our dream is a world without poverty. The size of the World Bank has also changed dramatically, starting with 38 members in 1946, to 187 members currently. The World Bank comprises two main institutions, the IBRD and the International Development Agency (IDA). The IBRD provides loans to commendationworthy middle-income countries, charging an interest rate of around 1%. It raises money through bond sales in the international capital market.These bonds have a triple A rating, since they are backed by member states share capital. The IDA, on the other handy, focuses on providing long-term, interest- clean-handedhanded loans to the worlds 78 unfortunateest countries, 39 of which are in Africa, (World Bank move outicial website, 2011) addressing issues such as primary education, basic health services salvage water supply and many others. Resources to fund IDA loans are rais ed through subscriptions from wealthy members such as United States, Japan and Germany (Hill, 2002)The IBRD financed several successful projects in various areas in the developing world and was able to improve the living conditions and reduce the poverty rate in whatever areas. The IBRD, for example, largely funded the education system in Mexico. The WB funded over 18,000 schools under the Quality schooltimes Program in rural areas of the country. Recently the WB has granted a 300 million US dollar loan, to moreover support Mexicos School Education System (Educacion y Cultura, 2012). The IDA has also successfully cut poverty and improved infrastructure in some areas of the world.A notable example is the Highway Program in Azerbaijan, which focuses on improving international and interior(prenominal) road networks for stimulating economic growth (World Bank Official Website, 2011) The highway project reduces travel time by 33%, stimulates switch and business along the rural are a and created over 20,000 jobs. However the World Bank has faced some severe criticism as well. One of the strongest criticisms has been the negative environmental mend of some the World Bank projects. For instance, the construction of the Yacyreta dam in the 1990s in Argentina, which was largely funded by the World Bank.As a result of the dam, over 40,000 people have been displaced, and the majority of them were not compensated for their losings (The Whirled Bank Group, 2002). Furthermore, because of the dam construction several children failed to reach their school. The dam also had negative impacts on biodiversity, and collectable to the calm waters, diseases such as malaria and the dengue fever started to spread. Another polemic aspect of the World Bank has been its undemocratic governance structure, which is dominated by the main developed nations. These countries choose the leadership and senior vigilance of the World Bank, and so their interests dominate the bank (Cornell University Press, 2006) Similarly to the IMF, the US holds the most voting power with 15. 8%, additionally all World Bank presidents have come from the US. Japan and China follow with only 7% and 6% voting power correspondingly. This large voting power inequality shows how voiceless most of the developing countries are, although nearly all loans affect their economies. The last, and arguably the most important criticism of the World Bank, are the neoliberal policies that World Bank imposed on lending nations.The ideas that were created in the Washington Consensus, including the deregulation and liberalization of markets, privatization and the downscaling of government, were seen as they key policies to promote development. However, what might have worked for the western economies might not be the scoop up solution for developing nations. Usually the World Bank imposes structural adjustments to countries to which they lend money. These adjustments include reduced state support, and the liberalization of markets. Studies have shown that these policies have led to intensified poverty and a slowdown in the economy, especially in African nations.Richard Peet claims that the austerity policies attached to the World Bank have declined the per Capita income by 25% in sub-Saharan Africa, and the removal of food and agricultural subsidies caused prizes to rise and created food insecurity (Peet, 2003). The policies have not only exacerbated poverty, but due to the imposed decline of health expenditures of governments, HIV and other diseases spread rapidly, causing the life expectancy of Africans to drop by fifteen years during the last two decades.In the Millennium Development finale 6, the World Bank states, to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, through prevention, care, treatment, and mitigation services for those affected by HIV/AIDS. Although the WB has been successfully fighting AIDS in some African nations, expending over 3,000 million USD in the construction of HIV testing and teaching sites, it has worsened the situation in other areas through imposing neoliberal economic policies on countries. Overall the World Bank is an institution out of time and place (Rich, 1994).The IBRD claims to be a development agency, however the institution is funded through return bonds on the capital market, creating a conflict of interest. Due to the fact that numerous shareholders own the IBRD, they will always have the pressure to create shareholder value, and cannot focus their attention solemnly on poverty reduction. Furthermore, the World Bank has largely overlapping interest with the IMF, especially the IBRD. They both focus on the same means neoliberal policies, and impose these on the countries they lend money to.These policies have mostly ended in poverty and economic failure in developing countries. Consequently, the IBRD should be discontinued, and the capital that the IBRD holds could be transferred to the IDA. The IDA could then be reorgani sed as a subgroup of the IMF. This would not only give the IMF a better image, but also tincture new ideas into the organisation. The IMF can still give similar loans as the IBRD did, since they have the capital and the power to credit those loans. There is no doubt that the IDA is an important institution with the correct core values, ut there is but no need for two supranational institutions focusing on the same broad goals. On top, over the last decades, there have been increasing inflows of FDI into developing countries and private microfinance, which can boost development and gross domestic product growth. The main role of the IDA should therefore be consultancy, to ensure the private loans are used effectively. An change magnitude cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN should ensure sustainable poverty reduction. The third supranational institution, originating from the Breton Woods agreement is the World Trade Organization.Initially nam ed the General parallelism on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), it aimed to govern international clientele relations, since countries would use tariffs to cherish their own economies at the expense of their neighbours. This was seen as a threat to push the economy into a further recession hence an institution was needed to encourage the free flow of goods and services. The GATT was transformed into the WTO in 1994, under the Marrakech Agreement. Currently, the WTO has 154 members, and embraces 95% of the global market.Its mission still is, to supervise and liberalize international trade. It has two main functions, firstly to provide a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes. If there is a dispute the WTO may direct the loosing member to take action to bring its laws, regulations or policies into conformity with the WTO Agreements, however there is no punishment enforced. Secondly, it oversees the implementation, judicial system and operation of the covered agreements (WTO offici al website, 2012). The WTO claims that the introduced trading system has produced several wins. Listed in the 10 benefits of the WTO) The main benefits are, firstly, that free trade generally cuts the cost of living and gives the consumer more choice. The reduced trade barriers through negotiations results in reduced costs for producers, reducing the price of finished goods and services, ultimately resulting in a lower cost of living. The increased global competition also forces producers to cut costs, again resulting in a benefit for the consumer. Secondly, lowering trade barriers adds to personal income. The WTO claims since the Uruguay Round trade deal between $109 and 510 billion dollars were added to the world income. In Europe, the EU focussing calculates that over 198993 EU incomes increased by 1. 11. 5% more than they would have through with(p) without the Single Market. Thirdly, trade stimulates economic growth, which could lead to increased jobs, if countries have the c orrect adjustment policies. Lastly, the least criticized benefit of the WTO, is that the system is based on the rules rather than power. Meaning that voting power is equal for every member, and decisions are largely made by consensus.Rich and poor countries alike have an equal right to challenge each other in the WTOs dispute settlement procedures. Although the WTO claims that free trade is essentially positive for all nations, critics have targeted the 10 benefits of WTO harshly. Richard Peet argues, that the WTO clearly does not adopt a neutral stance on trade policy. He further says the WTO is passionately against protectionism and just profoundly for trade liberalization (Peet, 2003). The WTO therefore generally favours some interests while harming others. Furthermore, Peet targets the effect of free trade on workers and unemployment.The fact that the WTO shows no evidence for the increase in employment, stating reliable estimates become impossible, shows that there is little b ehind this benefit. Quite on the contrary, several workers have befuddled their job as result of free trade, due to increased competition and the cost reduction of manufacturers. Furthermore, free trade often resulted in developing countries trading more but actually earning less. The reason being, many countries were unable to shift their production from primary commodities to manufacturing. The increased competition between developing countries and dropping good prizes meant lower profit margins.Another point of criticism deals with the TRIPs agreement, which sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property. Critics argue that the TRIPS agreement has a detrimental effect on the access of medicine in developing countries. The most controversial issue involves the use of drugs to cure AIDS. For example, Thailand suspended the patents of drugs treating HIV and heart conditions, to make the medicine affordable for poor patients. The EU and the US protested formally and the US even threatened retaliatory actions. The WTOs operations have also been criticised for being biased towards developed nations.While the EU has largely enforced trade protectionist measures, subsidizing the textile and agricultural industry, developing nations have been forced to open their markets. European and US lobbyism plays a great role in the WTO, and explains wherefore the US and the EU were allowed to use these protectionist measures. In general, the WTO has proved to be an extremely useful institution for freer trade, and in some cases successfully enhanced the growth of nations. However several developing countries have felt the downside of free trade, with some of their economies shrinking due to increased competition combined with higher unemployment rates.Nevertheless, according to Ingo Walter an international trade professor at NYU the world as a whole is certainly materially better off under free trade than with no trade at all and so is the individual na tion (Walter, 2011). The WTO will face several challenges in the future, including trade negotiation between BRIC countries and the EU and US. If export-oriented interests mobilize in countries, including the BRICs, they will push for reciprocal market openings (Schaffer, 2009) The WTO must ensure negotiations are fair, and to ensure that they cannot allow US and EU multinationals to interfere with the WTOs decision making.In conclusion, the critics towards the Bretton Woods institutions have several core similarities. These critics argue that the institutions do not effectively alleviate poverty, they are generally poorly governed and developing countries remain marginal and without influence in decision-making. Those institutions have profoundly affected the developing world and it is time for a reform of these organizations. This essay has adumbrate the possibility of a united World Bank and IMF, in order to pool the capital towards a common goal.For this merger to succeed the I MF will have to undergo serious restructuring and embrace a goal towards the sustainable development of the world economy. Word Count 3228 References Bretton Woods Project. What are the main concerns and criticism or so the World Bank and IMF? Available http//www. brettonwoodsproject. org/item. shtml? x=320869 (Accessed 15 March. 2012) de Vries,M. G. (1986) The International Monetary Fund 1966-1971. Washington D. C International Monetary Fund Education y Cultura. (2012, March 14) World Bank lends Mexico 300 million dollars for high school. (Education y Cultura) Available http//www. ducacionyculturaaz. com/noticias/bm-presta-a-mexico-300-mdd-para-educacion-media/? lang=en (Accessed 20 March. 2012) Goddard. C. R, Conklin. J, Passe-SMmith. T. (1996) Open World International Political Economy. bowlder Lynne Rienner Pub Griesgraber,J. M. Gunter B. G. (1996) The Worlds Monetary System towards stability and Sustainability in the Twenty-first Century. London netherworld Press Hill C. W. L . (2002) International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace 3rd ed. London McGraw-Hill Irwin Irwin,A. I. (1999) Do we need the WTO? Available http//www. cato. org/pubs/journal/cj19n3/cj19n3-2. df (Accessed 17 March. 2012) Kruger,A. (June 2004) The IMF at 60 Equipped for Todays Challenges? Available http//www. imf. org/external/np/speeches/2004/062304. htm (Accessed 17 March. 2012) Legrain,P. (2007) Open World The Truth about Globalisation. Chicago Ivan R. Dee Peet,R. (2007) The Geography of Power the making of global economic policy. Oxford University Press Peet,R. (2003) Unholy Trinity, The IMF, World Bank and WTO 2nd ed. London Zed Books Pettinger,T. (2008, 10 November) blame of IMF. Available http//econ. economicshelp. org/2008/11/criticism-of-imf. tml (Accessed 17 March. 2012) Schaffer,G. (2009, February 24) Future of the WTO- Liberal Ideas and Domestic Politics. Available http//uchicagolaw. typepad. com/faculty/2009/02/future-of-the-wto-liberal-ideas-and-domestic-polit ics-gregory-shaffer. html (Accessed 20 March. 2012) Sinha,A. (2012) What are the important advantages of Free Trade ? http//www. preservearticles. com/201012291889/important-advantages-free-trade. html (Accessed 20 March. 2012) Stiglitz,J. (2002) globalisation and its Discontents. London Penguin Books Stiglitz,J. (2007) Making Globalization Work The Next Steps to Global Justice.London Penguin Weisbrot,M. (2001, December 25) Argentinas Crisis, IMFs Fingerprints. (Washington Post) Available http//www. washingtonpost. com/ac2/wp-dyn? pagename=article&node=&contentId=A22623-2001Dec24 (Accessed 20 March. 2012) World Bank Group. (2011) Azerbaijan Highway Program. Available http//web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,printYisCURLYcontentMDK22739570menuPK64256345pagePK34370piPK34424theSitePK4607,00. html (Accessed 20 March. 2012) WTO. (2012) Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. Available

Digital Fortress Chapter 5

Where is everyone? Susan wondered as she crossed the deserted Crypto floor. whatsoever requisite.Although intimately NSA departments were fully staffed seven days a week, Crypto was gener aloney quiet on Saturdays. Cryptographic mathematicians were by nature high-strung workaholics, and there existed an unwritten rule that they take Saturdays off except in emergencies. Code-breakers were as well valuable a commodity at the NSA to risk losing them to burnout.As Susan traversed the floor, TRANSLTR loomed to her discipline. The sound of the generators eight stories below sounded specially ominous today. Susan never liked being in Crypto during off hours. It was like being trapped but in a cage with some grand, futuristic beast. She quickly made her way toward the commanders office.Strathmores glass-walled workstation, nicknamed the fishbowl for its look when the drapes were open, stood high atop a set of catwalk stairs on the back wall of Crypto. As Susan climbed the grated step s, she gazed up at Strathmores thick, oak access. It bore the NSA seal-a bald eagle fiercely clutching an ancient skeleton identify. Behind that door sat one of the greatest men shed ever met.Commander Strathmore, the fifty-six-year-old deputy director of operations, was like a father to Susan. He was the one whod hired her, and he was the one whod made the NSA her home. When Susan joined the NSA over a decade ago, Strathmore was dealering the Crypto Development Division-a training ground for new cryptographers-new male cryptographers. Although Strathmore never tolerated the hazing of anyone, he was curiously protective of his sole female staff member. When accused of favoritism, he simply replied with the truth Susan Fletcher was one of the brightest preadolescent recruits hed ever seen, and he had no intention of losing her to sexual harassment. whizz of the cryptographers foolishly decided to test Strathmores resolve.One morning during her first year, Susan dropped by the new cryptographers lounge to get some paperwork. As she left, she noticed a picture of herself on the bulletin board. She almost fainted in embarrassment. There she was, reclining on a bed and wearing away only panties.As it turned out, one of the cryptographers had digitally s ordurened a photo from a pornographic duration and edited Susans head onto someone elses body. The effect had been quite convincing.Unfortunately for the cryptographer responsible, Commander Strathmore did not begin the stunt even remotely amusing. Two hours ulterior, a landmark memo went outEMPLOYEE CARL AUSTIN alter FOR INAPPROPRIATE CONDUCT.From that day on, nobody messed with her Susan Fletcher was Commander Strathmores golden girl.But Strathmores young cryptographers were not the only ones who learned to respect him early in his career Strathmore made his presence known to his superiors by proposing a trope of unorthodox and highly successful tidings operations. As he moved up the ranks, Trevor Strathmore became known for his cogent, reductive analyses of highly complex situations. He seemed to have an uncanny ability to see past the moral perplexities contact the NSAs difficult decisions and to act without remorse in the interest of the common good.There was no doubt in anyones mind that Strathmore loved his country. He was known to his colleagues as a patriot and a visionary a decent man in a world of lies.In the years since Susans arrival at the NSA, Strathmore had skyrocketed from head of Crypto Development to second-in-command of the entire NSA. right away only one man outranked Commander Strathmore there-Director Leland Fontaine, the mythical overlord of the bunk Palace-never seen, occasionally heard, and eternally feared. He and Strathmore seldom saw eye to eye, and when they met, it was like the clash of the titans. Fontaine was a giant star among giants, but Strathmore didnt seem to care. He argued his ideas to the director with all the restraint of an impassi oned boxer. Not even the electric chair of the United States dared challenge Fontaine the way Strathmore did. One needed political immunity to do that-or, in Strathmores case, political indifference.Susan arrived at the top of the stairs. Before she could knock, Strathmores electronic door lock buzzed. The door swung open, and the commander waved her in.Thanks for coming, Susan. I owe you one.Not at all. She smiled as she sat opposite his desk.Strathmore was a rangy, thick-fleshed man whose muted features somehow disguised his impenetrable-nosed efficiency and demand for perfection. His gray eyes usually suggested a confidence and judgement born from experience, but today they looked wild and unsettled.You look beat, Susan said.Ive been better. Strathmore sighed.Ill say, she thought.Strathmore looked as bad as Susan had ever seen him. His cutting off gray hair was disheveled, and even in the rooms crisp air-conditioning, his forehead was beaded with sweat. He looked like hed sl ept in his suit. He was sitting behind a modern desk with two recessed keypads and a computer supervise at one end. It was strewn with computer printouts and looked like some sort of alien cockpit propped there in the plaza of his curtained chamber.Tough week? she inquired.Strathmore shrugged. The usual. The pairs all over me intimately civilian privacy rights again.Susan chuckled. The EFF, or Electronics line Foundation, was a worldwide coalition of computer users who had embeded a powerful civil liberties coalition aimed at backup free speech on-line and educating differents to the realities and dangers of living in an electronic world. They were constantly lobbying against what they called the Orwellian eavesdropping capabilities of government agencies-particularly the NSA. The EFF was a perpetual thorn in Strathmores side.Sounds like business as usual, she said. So whats this big emergency you got me out of the tub for?Strathmore sat a moment, absently fingering the comp uter trackball embedded in his desktop. subsequently a broad silence, he caught Susans gaze and held it. Whats the longest youve ever seen TRANSLTR take to break a computer code?The question caught Susan entirely off guard. It seemed meaningless. This is what he called me in for?Well She hesitated. We stumble a COMINT intercede a few months ago that took about an hour, but it had a ridiculously long key-ten thousand bits or some liaison like that.Strathmore grunted. An hour, huh? What about some of the boundary probes weve run?Susan shrugged. Well, if you include diagnostics, its obviously longer.How much longer?Susan couldnt cipher what Strathmore was getting at. Well, sir, I tried an algorithm last March with a segmented million-bit key. Illegal loop functions, cellular automata, the works. TRANSLTR still broke it.How long?Three hours.Strathmore arched his eyebrows. Three hours? That long?Susan frowned, mildly offended. Her business concern for the last trio years had bee n to fine-tune the most secret computer in the world most of the programming that made TRANSLTR so fast was hers. A million-bit key was hardly a realistic scenario.Okay, Strathmore said. So even in extreme conditions, the longest a code has ever survived inside TRANSLTR is about three hours?Susan nodded. Yeah. More or less.Strathmore paused as if afraid to say something he might regret. Finally he looked up. TRANSLTRs hit something He stopped.Susan waited. More than three hours?Strathmore nodded.She looked unconcerned. A new diagnostic? Something from the Sys-Sec Department?Strathmore shook his head. Its an outside file.Susan waited for the stop up line, but it never came. An outside file? Youre joking, right?I wish. I queued it last night well-nigh eleven thirty. It hasnt broken yet.Susans jaw dropped. She looked at her watch and then back at Strathmore. Its still spill? Over fifteen hours?Strathmore leaned forward and rotated his monitor toward Susan. The screen was black except for a small, yellowish text box blinking in the middle.TIME ELAPSED 150933 AWAITING KEY ________Susan stared in amazement. It appeared TRANSLTR had been working on one code for over fifteen hours. She knew the computers processors auditioned thirty million keys per second-one hundred cardinal per hour. If TRANSLTR was still counting, that meant the key had to be enormous-over ten billion digits long. It was absolute insanity.Its impossible she declared. Have you checked for misapprehension flags? Maybe TRANSLTR hit a glitch and-The runs clean.But the pass-key must be hugeStrathmore shook his head. model commercial algorithm. Im opine a sixty-four-bit key.Mystified, Susan looked out the window at TRANSLTR below. She knew from experience that it could locate a sixty-four-bit key in under ten minutes. Theres got to be some explanation.Strathmore nodded. There is. Youre not going to like it.Susan looked uneasy. Is TRANSLTR malfunction?TRANSLTRs fine.Have we got a virus?Strathmore shook his head. No virus. Just hear me out.Susan was flabbergasted. TRANSLTR had never hit a code it couldnt break in under an hour. Usually the cleartext was delivered to Strathmores printout module within minutes. She glanced at the high-speed newswriter behind his desk. It was empty.Susan, Strathmore said quietly. This is going to be hard to accept at first, but just discover a minute. He chewed his lip. This code that TRANSLTRs working on-its unique. Its like nothing weve ever seen before. Strathmore paused, as if the countersignatures were hard for him to say. This code is unbreakable.Susan stared at him and almost laughed. Unbreakable? What was THAT supposed to mean? There was no such thing as an unbreakable code-some took longer than others, but every code was breakable. It was mathematically guaranteed that sooner or later TRANSLTR would guess the right key. I beg your pardon?The codes unbreakable, he repeated flatly.Unbreakable? Susan couldnt believe the word had been u ttered by a man with twenty-seven years of code analysis experience.Unbreakable, sir? she said uneasily. What about the Bergofsky Principle?Susan had learned about the Bergofsky Principle early in her career. It was a cornerstone of brute-force technology. It was also Strathmores fervor for building TRANSLTR. The principle clearly stated that if a computer tried enough keys, it was mathematically guaranteed to puzzle the right one. A codes security was not that its pass-key was unfindable but rather that most people didnt have the time or equipment to try.Strathmore shook his head. This codes different.Different? Susan eyed him askance. An unbreakable code is a mathematical impossibility He knows thatStrathmore ran a hand across his sweaty scalp. This code is the product of a brand-new encoding algorithm-one weve never seen before.Now Susan was even more doubtful. Encryption algorithms were just mathematical formulas, recipes for scrambling text into code. Mathematicians and prog rammers created new algorithms every day. There were hundreds of them on the market-PGP, Diffie-Hellman, ZIP, IDEA, El Gamal. TRANSLTR broke all of their codes every day, no problem. To TRANSLTR all codes looked identical, regardless of which algorithm wrote them.I dont understand, she argued. Were not talking about reverse-engineering some complex function, were talking brute force. PGP, Lucifer, DSA-it doesnt matter. The algorithm generates a key it thinks is secure, and TRANSLTR keeps guessing until it finds it.Strathmores reply had the controlled patience of a good teacher. Yes, Susan, TRANSLTR will always find the key-even if its huge. He paused a long moment. UnlessSusan wanted to speak, but it was clear Strathmore was about to drop his bomb. Unless what?Unless the computer doesnt know when its broken the code.Susan almost set down out of her chair. WhatUnless the computer guesses the correct key but just keeps guessing because it doesnt realize it found the right key. Strath more looked bleak. I think this algorithm has got a rotating cleartext.Susan gaped.The notion of a rotating cleartext function was first put away in an obscure, 1987 paper by a Hungarian mathematician, Josef Harne. Because brute-force computers broke codes by examining cleartext for identifiable word patterns, Harne proposed an encryption algorithm that, in addition to encrypting, shifted decrypted cleartext over a time variant. In theory, the perpetual mutation would go over that the attacking computer would never locate recognizable word patterns and thus never know when it had found the proper key. The concept was somewhat like the idea of colonizing Mars-fathomable on an intellectual level, but, at present, well beyond human ability.Where did you get this thing? she demanded.The commanders response was slow. A public sector programmer wrote it.What? Susan collapsed back in her chair. Weve got the best programmers in the world downstairs All of us working together have never ev en come close to writing a rotating cleartext function. Are you trying to tell me some poser with a PC figured out how to do it?Strathmore lowered his voice in an apparent lawsuit to calm her. I wouldnt call this guy a punk.Susan wasnt listening. She was convinced there had to be some other explanation A glitch. A virus. Anything was more likely than an unbreakable code.Strathmore eyed her sternly. One of the most hopeful cryptographic minds of all time wrote this algorithm.Susan was more doubtful than ever the most brilliant cryptographic minds of all time were in her department, and she certainly would have heard about an algorithm like this.Who? she demanded.Im sure you can guess. Strathmore said. Hes not too fond of the NSA.Well, that narrows it down she snapped sarcastically.He worked on the TRANSLTR project. He broke the rules. Almost caused an intelligence nightmare. I deported him.Susans face was blank only an instant before going white. Oh my GodStrathmore nodded. Hes be en bragging all year about his work on a brute-force-resistant algorithm.B-but Susan stammered. I thought he was bluffing. He truly did it?He did. The ultimate unbreakable code-writer.Susan was silent a long moment. But that meansStrathmore looked her dead in the eye. Yes. Ensei Tankado just made TRANSLTR obsolete.

Examining Race-Related Aspects of James Cameron’s Avatar

Examining The Race-Related Aspects Of avatar While discernable that many who saw the germinate Avatar were more than satisfied with it visually, I found it fire that I heard little about the p surge or characters. After all, as a writer, these elements, to me, be what chip in or break the outcome. After going to see the critically acclaimed film, I was left with a shrill feeling of injustice regarding the films track d decl be issues. The problem I had with the film is the c one timept of a washcloth male entering into a world of ethnic people (in this case, aliens), with the sole intent of apply them for his own personal gain.Not only has this all too familiar story been procedured again and again, only when also, the outcome is always the same. While I do non believe that the film endorses racism, I do believe that certain racial ideologies play a major role in the film. Whilst some may argue against that geological period, by simply breaking dump the story, it is simple to make the connections. Regard slight of if it was intentional or not, in that location ar some obvious racial undert bingles in Avatar, and they should not be ignored no matter how impressive the graphics are.In the circumstantial clip I have chosen to analyze, Jake, the human who joins the Navi to fight against his own kind, has returned to Pandora after being labeled a traitor and losing the trust of the Navi. To gain it back, he immediately tames a Toruk, a red dragon who the natives are in truth alarming of. The dragon had neer been tamed by anyone from the Navi clan. The ability and heroism just spewing from Jake makes it have the appearance _or_ semblance as though he is the only one with the answers that the Navi guide to save Pandora. The picture show transitions to the clan praying to the Hometree, despite their knowledge of the tree having never taken sides.In the midst of all of this, Jake comes flying quite a little on the red dragon, the sun beaming b ehind him, illuminating his path. Then comes the very demeaning imaging of Jake dismounting the dragon in front of the Navi, while they practically bow to and worship him as if to say, You are superior to us, after all Jake certainly assumes as much, because he soon starts yelling about how this is our land, and they need to do what he says to save it. While watching the film, I first began wee-weeing a lot of parallels to class discussions of how Columbus and the Spaniards conquered America. In Avatar, human corporation is mining a valuable mineral on Pandora, an Earth- want moon that is inhabited by the Navi, an alien hie. In the late 1400s, despite also having find an wide-cut race of people, the Spanish found gold in America and began mining.Once it became difficult for them, they enforced slavery upon the natives of the land, and mercilessly killed them upon resistance. In the article Sex And Conquest Domination And Desire On Ethnosexual Frontiers, Joane Nagel reminds us of the intercourse powerlessness of many native women, and reports that sexual exchanges were often coerced, involving rape, forced prostitution, and slavery. In Avatar, the human scientists uncover that underneath Hometree, the Navi clans dwelling, lies the richest deposits of the mineral that they value, and by the end of the film, are ready to annihilate it and its inhabitants. This, to me, is an example of racism in how the humans were willing to treat the Navi (kill them) in read to acquire more gold. While elements are diverse, Columbus conquest of America strays not so far from the plot that drives Avatar a civilized race relentlessly compromises what they deem to be an rude race.It can even relate to how American factories are built in foreign countries to avoid specific labor laws. As Americans, how can we justify that the people working in foreign countries assembling our iPhones are equal to us? If so, wouldnt we demand that they deserve equal pay? The ideology of t he self- propereous, superior race and their ultimate disregard for all others is, sadly, an overused theme present in this film and our audiences should be seeing less of it.Despite all humans being expelled from Pandora in the end, a uncontaminating male, in this case, Jake, Avatars protagonist, gets to be the boss in the end. In exchange, he gives up his body, his culture, and every human aspect about him. The one thing he fails to let go of is his superiority. With the film ending like this, and not allowing one of the reliable Navi to ultimately prevail, a subconscious message is being delivered. Just like in Dances With Wolves, a clean-living male goes native and soon ends up as the great leader.In just triple months of immersion in their culture, Jake learns overflowing about the Navi (their folkways, their animal-taming skills, and even the secret to their ultimate test of warrior prowess, something no other Navi has mastered in five generations) to become their leader in their struggle against genocide by his own former allies. Hometree even answers a prayer of Jakes, and she had never answered prayers of the natives, her own people, even once before thusly. An inte stick arounding contrast is set up to disguise the fact that Jakes character is representative of racism.On one side, there are the power-hungry, militaristic humans who show no moral restraint against the Navi. Their opposition is Jake and the rest of the humans who want peace with the natives. While the first group is presented as obviously racist, most would draw the conclusion that the second group, the protagonists, must not be. While the characters themselves are not racist, the age-old duster messiah fable is. This story has played out in American race politics several times. Progressive, wide blank males were responsible for Indian removal and schooling replacing Indian genocide, and segregation replacing slavery.Each time, it seems that supporters of innovative policie s just have to say, Look, Im progressive. Im not like those old-fashioned racists, and then they simply cannot be deemed as racist. This is the trend in our society that the outcome of Avatar is glorifying. Forms of racial achievement have been changed over time, but have never been ended altogether. To be fair to the humans of Avatar, the Navi and their entire planet ended up regarding the humans as a disease with which there can be no peaceful existence.Their solution is, simply, the expulsion of humanity from the planet, or in Jakes case, culture transfusion. Forced assimilation with the native culture in Avatar is almost too familiar to how their still exists an ideology in America that foreign residents must assimilate to the etiolated culture. Forgotten is that every white citizen of America is descendant of some foreign culture. America should be a melting pot for all cultures, and if James Cameron, the film director, manufacturing business and writer of Avatar, had trul y agreed, perhaps the outcome of the film would be different.So did James Cameron write and direct this because he is a racist white male? No. But does James Cameron even acknowledge that his film carries racist undertones? No. The casting for the film had his seal of approval, so why were actors of color used to lay out the Navi people? The Navi may be tall, blue aliens, but they seem to resemble the noble savages in older Hollywood movies theyre played by actors of color, they live a primitive lifestyle in harmony with nature, they sport tattoos and dreadlocks and exotic jewelry, and they have courage and athleticism but not necessarily reasonableness or ambition.Most importantly, why does white Australian Sam Worthington star as the cultural infiltrator? Cameron has more than once stated that Avatar is meant to encourage people to respect each others cultures and differences, and while that may be the overt meaning, he fails to touch on the issue of racial superiority. Again, C ameron did not sit down and consciously make a decision to write a racist film. However, he did indirectly use the film to express his white liberal understanding of anti-racism. Really, his sop ups are just a kindler, gentler, more sponsor racism.If not, perhaps the Navi would have saved Jake instead of being in fitting of saving themselves. Avatar doesnt ask the moral question of Should the natives be conquered? It asks, How should the natives be conquered? Had the film been written and directed by a person of color instead, there may have been an opportunity to avoid this. Columbia College professor Kristin Pichaskes excerpt, Historical And Political Framework Race, Colonialism And African Cinema discusses how most filmmakers are Western white males who control the portrayal of Africans, or minorities, in cinema.In addition to holding the purse strings, Western interests controlled the production infrastructure. As recently as 1993, Diawara would write that Africa lacks fil m-processing laboratories, sound-dubbing and synchronizing studios, and editing facilities, a fact which significantly limits an African directors ability to complete a film on his own terms, in his own clownish and within a reasonable span of time (1993 vii).While this is not universally true at this point (the facilities he describes now being available in South Africa and also rendered somewhat obsolete by the development of high-definition video), it is certainly true that most of Africa suffers from a dearth of film infrastructure and that this creates yet some other form of dependence on the West. Having to rely on the West for the skills that they cannot afford, the absence of African directors involved in the depiction of their culture is blatantly apparent.Perhaps James Cameron was not the right person to direct Avatar, as he cannot truly understand the racial ideology that his film is perpetuating. However, if an African director were given the opportunity, a white Weste rn moneylender who demands that he cater the story to white audiences will undoubtedly be musical accompaniment him. Present day racist ideologies are best understood when comparing them to Magic Eye images unique images concealing a seemingly hidden, 3-D picture.While some people see the 3-D image right away, others have to look for a while before they can find it. Some people never do find it. However, once you know that the 3-D image is there, you end up wondering how you didnt see it in the first place. The racism depicted in this film is a lot like a Magic Eye image. It is a fantasy story about race told from a white mans perspective, for white people. I believe this to be true after simply flavour at the history of Camerons films Titanic, Aliens, and The Terminator all contained predominantly white casts.Had he intended his films to be seen by a racially diverse audience, Im sure he would have had enough common sense to diversify his cast of characters. Avatar is also at th e end of a very long history of similar films. Avatars storyline has been compared to that of Dances With Wolves and Pocahontas. In all three films, white male characters realize they are unhappy with the treatment of the others, but go beyond assimilating and skim off to leading the people who they so recently oppressed.Since there have been so many films spanning all genres sex act the same story, when will the white directors begin to use the issue of race in a different light? African-American scholar Donald Bogle, who literally wrote the book on how black people have been visualized throughout Hollywood history (Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies amp Bucks An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films) says that while not overtly racist, it is a movie that hasnt yet freed itself of old Hollywood traditions, old formulas. If I were to have written a film like Avatar, I would have made the Navi completely capable of saving themselves by reversing the power roles of Jake wit h the clan. It would mean straying from an age-old format, but also, challenging the racial insecurities of the white audience that the film was intended for. Would the film be as popular if the natives of Pandora did not possess traditional, savage-like qualities? The apposition of the film Avatar with historical events such as Columbus onquering America, and also, overused tales of the white protagonist bringing a race of savages to victory predates most steps towards civil rights equality. Filmmakers of minority races are far and few between, and are often funded by white Westerners when directing. With every film in Hollywood being produced by the white man, will our society ever see things from the point of view of a minority race? If no, then Hollywoods inability to realize that the decision to continue producing the same point of view is interfering with our societys ability to think outside of racial boundaries.