The Reverse Product Cycle Model Of Service

The Reverse Product Cycle Model Of servingIn this essay, I leave alone be evaluate the effectiveness of supplant harvest-tide life round as a theory of mental institutions in receipts and to find out if there is substitute(a) model that does a better melody in this. To answer the question, I for outsmart first look at some of the major characteristics of go and how they compargon to that of manufactured goods I depart whence look at the three divers(prenominal) approaches of service aim theories. Next, I will look at what a normal harvest life pedal looks like, how it brook be used to beg off inductions in manufactured goods. After that, I will look at the different maps of reverse harvest-feast daily round and evaluate it effectiveness with the help of examples. I will also look at some of its limitations and questions raised by other authors. Finally I will look at the four dimension model of service innovation to find out if it is a better alternative than t hat of the reverse intersection point motorcycle.Goods and function argon often mentioned in the same sentence, while there are many resemblingities between the two, they are actually very different. Services are something that is intangible offered or sold to guests it is not something that can be contact physically. When people purchase a good, they actually own the product after paying for it. notwithstanding this is not the case in serve. Good examples of service are public transports, mail deliveries, insurances, retail banking, and broadband internet. Here we can see, these are products that cannot be own even if you pay for it.The differences between goods and operate are so huge and obvious it is not surprised to see the innovation mouldes of the two are tremendously different too.Innovations in manufactured goods are often related to innovations in technologies. When it comes to research and development, manufacturing companies focus on meliorate the technologies and performances of their products. However innovation in function mainly focuses on improving the build of the services instead of the technological aspects.Tekes, a Finnish website defined service innovation as the following Service innovation is a new or significantly improved service concept that is taken into practice. It can be for example a new customer interaction channel, a distribution system or a technological concept or a combination of them. A service innovation eternally includes replic able elements that can be identified and systematically reproduced in other cases or environments. The replicable element can be the service outcome or the service process as such or a part of them. A service innovation benefits both the service producer and customers and it improves its developers competitory edge (Tekes)Although innovation in manufactured are much more well k flatn than innovations in services, there were a number of models, theories or frameworks which was prod uced over the age in found to help and rationalize the nature of services innovations.These theories and models can be fitted into three different approaches. They are service-orientated approaches, integrative approaches and technologist approaches.In this essay, we will focus on Richard Barras reverse product cycle which falls into the technologist category, it is important to note that the technologist approach is the most common approach out of the three, it focuses mainly on bringing in new equipments and technical systems into service firms and industries.Reverse product cycle was introduced in one of Barras articles named towards a theory of innovation in services which was published in the Research Policy ledger in April 1986. Barra realized at the time the importance of services industries in the economies and that most of the economic theories of innovation focuses exclusively on manufacturing goods. Because of this, Barra decided to develop a theoretical model that e xplain innovation process in services industries. (Gallouj. F 1998)Before we explain how the reverse product life cycle can be used to explain innovation in services, we need to first understand how the normal product life cycle operates. Product life cycle can be separated into four different stages they are 1) the take-off or introduction stage, 2) the growth stage, 3) the maturity stage and finally 4) the decline stage. (QuickMBA)During the introduction stage, the companys main objective is to promote the product therefore potential customers become aware of the existence of the new products. The product at this stage is new to the public, and its performance is often superior compare to alternatives. The price at this stage is usually high in order to pinnacle the production costs, and the volume of output is often low. The competitive edge at this stage lies in the performances of the product. The nature of the innovation process here is product innovation (QuickMBA)The grow th stage, during this stage, customers are well aware of the existence of the product and a number of competitors has emerged, these competitors will offer products with similar performances and merits. the main goals for firm at this flesh is to increases or maintain market shares. The price at this stage is often lower than that of previous stage and the volume of output increases also. In order to chance upon a competitive advantage over its rivals, a firm will focuses on improving the quality of the product which can be done by adding additional features. The nature of the innovation process here is radical. (QuickMBA)Maturity stage, during this stage even more competitors has emerged. The market starting to become saturated. The price of the product will further decrease as there are more competitions around, and the take of output greatly increases. The nature of the innovation process at this stage is incremental. The competitive focus here is to reduce production costs wh ich leads to lower price and increasing output as much as possible therefore selling more units which leads to higher profits. (QuickMBA)Decline stage, this stage is reached when the market is tout ensemble saturated and the products technology become established. There are always the threats from newer and more advanced technologies here. When a new technology emerged, the whole cycle begins all over again, with the old technology declined and new technology introduced. (QuickMBA)In his article, Barras argued that the product life cycle as a whole is not driven by one single magnate. He suggested that early on in the cycle, technology push driving force is predominant where as later on in the cycles where the nature of the innovations are incremental, the predominant force is usually ask pull force generated by users. (Barras. R 1986)Now we understand how product life cycle can be used to explain the process of innovation in manufactured goods, we will now look at the reverse p roduct life cycle which is concerned with innovations in services.Reverse product life cycle works in a complete opposite direction compared to the normal product cycle. The first stage of the cycle involves incremental innovations which aim to increase the efficiency of existing services. The second stage of the cycle is concerned with radical innovations where innovations are focused on improving the quality of existing services. The third and final stage of the reverse product cycle is focus on developing a totally brand new service that is significantly different compared to other services in the industries. (Barras. R 1986)To fix a better understanding of the reverse product cycle, we will look at a few examples that were illustrated in Barras articles. The examples we will look at are local governments, insurance companies and accounting companies which are all in the services industries.During the first stage of the cycle in the 1970, companies were applying mainframe comput er technology in services organisations. The purpose of the diligence is to improve efficiency as well as cutting down the demand for labour in services sector. The application of computer technology was employed by insurance company to computerised records of policies. It also provides computer audit techniques as well as internal time save for accounting companies. Finally it was used by local governments to computerise personnel records and payroll. The applications of mainframes computers had greatly increase the efficiency in these three sectors, it has cut down the demand for labour by a considerable amount. The nature of innovation is incremental and the type of investment is considered to be in the capital deepening nature. The full effect of the mainframes computer became fully conscious to companies by 1979 which lead to the reverse cycle entering the next stage. (Barras. R 1986)In the second stage which was round the 1980s, companies began applying mini and micro compu ter technology in the services industries. Local government used the technology to computerize house waiting list. Insurance companies began to provide online quotations in branch offices. And accountancy used the technology to computerized accounting management and book-keeping services. The mini and micro computer technology is radical rather than incremental it improves the effectiveness of the services instead of further the efficiency. Unlike the previous stage, the type of investment is considered to be capital widening investment and it has no impact on the demand of labour. (Barras. R 1986)In the third stage of the reverse product cycle, the focus is not on improving the quality of the services anymore instead it is about creating totally new services. At this stage, companies concentrates on developing a new service that is different and better to other services in the industries. By doing this, companies can relieve oneself a completely new market. Back to our examples, networking technology was developed in the 1990s and was employed by insurance companies, accounting companies and local governments. This networking technology provides users a full online insurance and investment services. For accounting companies, the networking technology allows companies to offer a completely automatic audit and accounts services. For the local governments, viewdata system became available to the local residents to get public information services. Like previous stage, the investement type here is again considered to be capital widening, however the nature of the innovation is no longer just a process, instead it focuses on product. It is important to point out that this stage has a positive impact on labour, increasing the demand of labour and level of employments. (Barras. R 1986)Once the new technology is established and adopted by public, just like the normal product life cycle, the reverse cycle will start all over again and start at stage one again where i nnovation nature would be incremental and focuses on improving the efficiency of the new product. (Barras. R 1986)Now that we understand how the reverse product cycle operates, it is important for us to examine its sensibleity in explaining innovation is services. In an article named Innovation in reverse services and the reverse product cycle which was published in the European Journal of Innovation Management in 1998, the author, Professor Faiz Gallouj pointed out the limitations of the model in the third stage. Gallouj argued that the model sees innovations as products. But in services, the product is in fact a process, therefore it is grueling for a process to be explained in a model that was originally designed to explain a product. (Gallouj. F 1998)Gallouj pointed out that Barras model are bony from case studies that focus precisely on information and telecommunications technologies in vanguard services sector. And because of this, Gallouj raised two questions in his artic le. The first being if the model is valid for all vanguard services? And the second question is if the model is valid in explaining technologies other than information and telecommunications? (Gallouj. F 1998)There are evidences to show that the reverse product cycle does not apply to all vanguard services. The first example is legal consultancy in France which is clearly a type of services. An empirical believe carried out by Gallouj suggested that legal consultancy in France does not appeared to show a reverse product life cycle. This is because consultancy is not open to technological information and it doesnt traction codified information. Having said that, there are signs of innovations in this activity, but the nature of innovations doesnt fall into the ones in the reverse product cycle. (Gallouj. F 1998)The second example is notary, microcomputers and facsimile machine machines were introduced to these services but these innovations are only incremental, there are no signs of radical and product innovations. (Gallouj. F 1998)These two examples have shown that the reverse product cycle isnt really valid for all vanguard services. Barras model is only valid in explaining vanguard services that are greatly influenced by technological evolution. (Gallouj. F 1998)We will now look at the second question raised by Gallouj, whether the reverse product cycle model can be employ to technologies other than information and telecommunications? (Gallouj. F 1998)Again to answer this question, we will look at two examples that were discussed in Galloujs paper. The first example is containerized transport, it was an incremental innovations in the start out improving efficiency of transports which falls nicely into the first stage of the cycle. In the second stage, the sizes of the containers are made identical and unloading cranes was introduced. These changes greatly improves the effectiveness of the services, the services quality was greatly enhanced. In recent ye ars, the bring in technology has been introduced to this service making it possible to know the exact expand of the container at all time, these details includes its ownership, its origins and its destinations. This technology improves the services so much that it can considered being a brand new service. Therefore we can see the innovations in containerized transports over the years fit the reverse product cycle quite nicely. (Gallouj. F 1998)The second example Gallouj discussed is the fast food services in America. He suggested that cooking and refrigeration technologies are incremental innovations whereas computerized menu ordering is radical innovations process as it increases the quality of the services by a considerable amount. (Gallouj. F 1998)From these two examples, we can see the reverse product cycle can be applied on other services other than information and telecommunication.So is the reverse product cycle a good model to explain innovations in services? Should we con tinue to use it in the future? The model is useful in explaining innovation process when the innovation is technological related, however not all innovations are technological therefore the model is only useful in explaining some areas of services innovation. Having said that, the model static provides tremendous amounts of insights on how some innovations process are carried out, therefore it should still be used in the future.So are there any other models that are more promising than the reverse product cycle by Barras? As mentioned earlier, one of the shortcomings of Barras model is that it only focuses on innovations that are considered to be technological. Therefore it would be useful to look at Den Hertogs four dimensional model of service innovations which explain four different areas of innovations. The four dimensions are 1) service concept 2) client interface 3) service delivery system and 4) technological options.The above diagram is taken from the international journal of innovation management page 495New service concept is when a new idea is introduced in a particular market. The new idea only has to be new in the market in question it can be an existing in other markets. Call centre service is a good example of this dimension. (Hertog. D 2000)New client interface is the interface design between the service provider and the customers. The communication channels between service providers and customers can be innovation itself. A good example of this dimension is electronic data interchange (EDI) (Hertog. D 2000)Service delivery system is similar to dimension two, but it is actual arrangement that is planned internally by the service provider in order to make sure their employees to do their reflect correctly. A good example of this dimension would be how amazon delivery ebooks using 3g technology onto consumers kindle reader (Hertog. D 2000)Technological option is the final dimension, although innovation doesnt have to be technological, many inno vations have technological elements. IT is the most common form of innovations, a good example would be parcel tracking services provided by royal mail. (Hertog. D 2000)Hertog suggested that any given service innovations will have a combinations of the dimensions mentioned above. In fact, quite frequently they become dependent with each other. Often times when a new service product is introduced in the market, it will need a new client interface design so communication between service provider is clear, also new delivery system should be planned too in order for the lag to delivery the service properly. (Hertog. D 2000) For example Royal mail introducing the tracking technologies of parcels will need a brand new interface (website) for consumers to be able to use the services they will also need staff to deal with issues with the tracking system that might occur (delivery system)The four dimension model is an resplendent framework illustrating how services innovation can be opera ted looking at more than one dimension of innovations at a time allows the model to be applied to most services innovation. And because of this, the four dimension model should be superior to the reverse product cycle when explaining innovations in services. Having said that the Barras model still offered considerable amount of insights, therefore it should not be discarded.In this report, we have learnt how the normal product life cycle can be used to explain innovation in manufacturing goods, what are the key features in each stage. We have also learnt how innovation in services worked in an opposite manner by looking at the reverse product cycle, and understood the models limitations by applying it to different examples of services. We also seen what the four dimensions of innovations are and how they can be used as an alternative theory to explain innovation in services and finally we have understood the effectiveness of this model and how it compares to the reverse product cycl e.

An Analysis of Emily Dickinsons I Felt a Funeral in My Brain :: Felt a Funeral in My Brain Essays

An Analysis of Emily Dickinsons I Felt a Funeral in My Brain This poem is precise interesting in many aspects because it re headers me of a person that I use to know. In my life I have met people just like Emily Dickinson who were mentally depressed and very unsociable. In this poem it shows how unstable her mind was in words that she wrote in her poems. I do not want people to get me unseasonable she was a very smart woman it was say that she attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, it also said that she was one of the best poets of all times. I do not understand were she went wrong because she lived a normal childhood in which she was very bright, witty, friendly to people, she had friends, and she went to parties. So where did she go wrong? By her early 30s she began to separate herself from everyone, even the people who she on the face of it loved had to speak with her from the other side of a closed door. In her life it was that she was in love with more or less man who died this maybe her for become very depressed. Emily Dickinson was very suicidal (meaning she tried to kill her many times, but was afraid of what it would be like). I am glad we got this poem because I have some things I would like to say about this weird acting woman. In my town were I come from their was a young lady who acted just like this lady. This girl would not talk to anyone, she would run away all the time, she tried to commit suicide a couple of times, but did not succeed. Her parents it seemed they would be always look for he all the time. So finally one day they decided to put her into a hospital to see what was causing her to act like this. In my mind I think she was depressed because she did not have any friends. And according to my knowledge Emily Dickinson was the same way. Emily Dickinson was a very smart person, but she was very strange acting. For example, I read her poem I Felt a

Anti-Semitism Essay -- Prejudice Jewish Anti-Judaism Papers

Anti-Semitism Discrimination and prejudice have been in our world for as long as humans have themselves. Discrimination has caused problems in societies all throughout history. But despite all of the terrible things that have happened because of prejudice and discrimination, it continues to live on in our world today. Anti-Semitism, prejudice against Jews, is a form of discrimination that has caused perhaps the most problems throughout history. Many people describe anti-Semitism as more than than simply prejudice or discrimination against Jews. It is often the result of hatred and despise of the Jews, resulting in persecution and destruction. Anti-Semitism can often occur because a spiritual group is trying to make itself look better (Anti-Judaism/Anti-Semitism). Jealousy and envy are also major causes of anti-Semitism. A study on anti-Semitism undercoat that people who are anti-Semitic are likely to also have negative feelings about African-Americans, Immigrants, gays and lesbia ns, illegal aliens, and women (JCRC - Anti-Semitism). As have all prejudices, anti-Semitism has been roughly a long time. It has been around since the time of Christ. One of the first events that gave rise to anti-Semitism was the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ (Mrs. Hahns Notes). Jews were considered the murderers of Christ. Because of this hatred towards Jews, capital of Israel was destroyed, killing all over 1 million Jews who resided there (A Calendar of Jewish Persecution). Jews were also persecuted extensively throughout the Roman Empire. In 135 AD, Roman Emperor Hadrian declared Jerusalem a pagan city. He forbade Jews to practice circumcision, the reading of the Law, eating of unleavened bread at Passover, or any Jewish festival. In 315, Constantine the G... ...ll eventually be gone along with all prejudices.BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHY Anti-Judaism/Anti-Semitism. (Online) http//www.yale.edu/adhoc/research_resources/dictionary/limited/anti_semitism.html Anti-Semitism...What Is It ? (Online) http//www.cdn-friends-icej.ca/antiholo/summanti.html A Calendar of Jewish Persecution. (Online) http//www.hearnow.org/caljp.htm Definitions of Anti-Semitism (Online) http//www.cdn-friends-icej.ca/antiholo/defantis.html Jewish Community Relations Council - Anti-Semitism. (Online) http//www.jcrc.org/main/antisemi.htm Modern Anti-Semitism. (Online) http//www.remember.org/ strike/History.root.modern.html A Summary of Anti-Semitism (Online) http//www.cdn-friends-icej.ca/antiholo/history.html Steven, Peter. European Anti-Semitism-Disturbing, But Limited, The Miami Herald, May 22, 1990. Pg. 1A+

Essay --

CHAPTER 2CAUSES OF MENTAL HEALTH AND THE BURDEN ON THE POORLack of awareness has made mental distemperes appear mystical. about people suffer from mental disorders since birth(mental retardation) while some develop the disorders overtime(mental illness).Mental illnesses result from complex interactions between the mind, body and environment. Factors like long-term and acute stress, biological factors such as genetics, chemistry and hormones, use of alcohol, drugs and other substances, cognitive patterns such as constant negative thoughts and low self-esteem, social factors such as isolation, financial problems, family crack-up or violence are the scientific causes of a mental illness. (http//www.mentalhealth-matters.com.au/resources/ID1367819089.pdf)But agrarian people in India in general and tribal populations in particular, suffer their own beliefs and practices regarding health. Some tribal groups still believe that a disease is always caused by hostile spirits or by t he breach of some taboo. They therefore seek remedies through magico-religious practices. (Current health scenario in rural India, Ashok Vikhe patil, K.V.Somasundaram and R.C. Goyal)This is an inevitable consequence of the barriers in seeking timely and effective treatment for mental illness in rural India unavailability of mental health services, low level of literacy, socio- cultural barriers, superstition stemming from traditional and religious beliefs, stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness. active 75% of health infrastructure, medical professionals and other health resources are localised in urban areas where 27% of the population live. The poor penetration and the basic nature of rural health is also attributed to leave out of health litera... ...urden increasing to 15% by Disability Adjusted Life Year( DALY) * (Mental health services in rural India challenges and prospects by Anant Kumar)Mental illness constitutes nearly one sixth of all health-related disorders. With the population on a rise, altering values, life-style, unemployment and frequent instability in incomes, lack of social support and increasing insecurity, it is predicted that there would be substantial increase in the number of people suffering from mental illness in some(prenominal) urban and rural areas.In order to get rid of the vicious cycle of poverty feeding into mental illness, there is a need to imagine of mental health as a development priority instead of just a concern of public health and human rights. * DALY it is a treasure of overall disease burden, expressed as the numbers of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death.

Honor and Bravery in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth  Honor and Bravery A struggle is present in every tragedy, as a person tries to overcome their flaws and fit the mold of their ideal.  William Shakespe ar plainly defined a good man in the play, Macbeth.  Prudence and logic, temperance and patience, as well as the vindication of honor are Shakespeares specify characteristics of a good man. Honor and bravery are Shakespeares defining characteristics of a good man while illogical passion and impatience are characteristics that do not characterize a good man. As with any tragedy, Macbeths title character and hero had to fall from his place of greatness to see his faults and take calibrate his agonizing climb back to his previous position.  His position, that of a good man, was one that demanded respect in the beginning of Macbeth.  The Sergeant described Macbeths honor and bravery to queen mole rat Duncan in Act I, Scene 2. For brave Macbeth well he deserves that name/ Disdaining fortune, with his bran dishd steel/Which smoked with bloody execution/Like valours minion carved out his public life/Till he faced the slave   Macbeth defended his kings honor as well as his own, as Shakespeare showed a good man never backed down from a foe. In the later acts of the play, Shakespeare furthered the definition of a good man by portraying what a bad one was not.  In Macbeths darkest hours, he showed no sign of prudence and logic as he slayed King Duncan, and hired assassins to murder his friend Banquo.  Macbeth displayed his temerity in Act IV, Scene 1 saying, from this significance the very firstlings of my heart shall be / The firstlings of my hand. / And even now, / To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done (Act , Scene , Line ). Macbeth was no longer the logical, thinking man whom umteen admired.  He had become reckless, acting with only his passion and not his mind.  The tragedy of the murders he brought on fair Scotland was a direct result of this v iolation of the step of a good man. The most apparent flaws, and perhaps the most tragic in Macbeths character, is his lack of patience and temperance.  These shortcomings haunted Macbeth, causing him to let his overvaulting ambition bam fate, and hasten his doom.  Macbeth could not wait for an appointment to a position of more power.  Instead, he murdered the king to take his place.

Martin Luther King Jr :: Racism Blacks America

Martin Luther King Jr closely three centuries ago, African slaves were brought to the New World and putinto slavery. They were interact more cruelly in the United States than in anyother country that had ever practiced slavery, and ever since its prohibition African-Americans have fought oppression. Martin Luther King Jr., would fearimmensely in this fight. He was born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929. His father,Martin Luther King Sr. Was a Baptist minister and also preached for civil rights.By the time he was 17 he had decided to follow his fathers footsteps, so hehimself was ordained as a minister. After his graduation from the CrozerTheological Seminary, when he began postgraduate work at Boston University, hestudied the works of Indian nationalist Mohandas Gandhi, from whom he derivedhis own philosophy of nonviolent protest. He move to Alabama to become pastorfor a Baptist church. Just after he received his Ph.D. in 1955, King was askedto lead a bus ostracise in Montgomery. It had been formed after Rosa Parks wasarrested for refusing to give her seat to a white passenger. Throughout the 381days which the boycott lasted, he was arrested and jailed, repeatedly threatened,and his home was bombed. The boycott ended later that year when the SupremeCourt outlawed segregation in public transportation. This was his head start victoryand alone made Dr. King a highly respected leader. When he went to India in 1959,he studied Gandhis principle of Satyagraha or nonviolent persuasion, which heplanned to use for his social protests. In the pursual year he decided to moveback to Atlanta to become copastor with his father. In 1963 he was back inBirmingham, Alabama, where he led a colossal civil rights campaign, organizingdrives for black voter registration, desegregation, and better educationthroughout the South. During that time he led the unforgettable March onWashington where he delivered his noted I Have a Dream speech to millions ofviewers across the nation. The ne xt year he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.He went on to launching his first major northern campaign in Chicago. BlackBaptists were there opposing him, and a mob of club carrying Ku Klux Klanmembers and Neo-Nazis met his marchers. With all that he had said and done, onApril 3, 1983 he said I have been to the mountain top and seen the promiseland. This was the day prior to his demise. Sadly, the following day he wasshot to death in Memphis Tennessee. Nearly 500,000 of his loyal admirersattended his funeral.

The Spirit of the Romantic Period Essay examples -- Papers Wollstonecr

The Spirit of the Romantic Period The Romantic Period in English lit a observeure was an era that brought forth profound literary rebellion. Romantics were truly rebels. They were in total defiance of the morals set by the movement known as the neoclassical period. The Romantics were in any case idealists, who believed in change. These idealists wrote about the change they wanted, socially as well as politically. Nature, both human and natural, and childhood and social conditions were of the many themes literary artists of this time chose to strain on. Mary Wollst geniuscraft, William Blake, and William Wordsworth were among the literary artists who have done plainly this. In creating works much(prenominal) as, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, The Garden of Love, and She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, one can see the spirit of this era is well depicted. Mary Wollstonecraft can be noted as the womens advocate of her day. In her Vindication, she proclaims that just as men, women have rights. For centuries women had very little or no rights at all. Women were treated as if they were mere objects of beauty and they were expected to yield to the every supplicate of man. The conduct and manners of women, in fact, evidently prove that their minds be not in a healthy state. In a sense, women have been brain washed. They are taught from the womb by their mothers that they are to only maintain their appearances and be sweet and submissive. They are taught to spend their time questioning for love because the only way to get ahead is through marriage. Women never reach the realization that there is more to life.Women shouldnt feel inferior to men because they too are mortal beings. quite of spending time on beauty and frailty, wom... ... when she ceased to be. No one cared that she existed. However, it made a difference to Wordsworth. Even if no one cared, he did and that made the difference.It appears as though Wordsworth is describing the struggle of the lower class people to exist. One cannot live in loneliness and despair. Wordsworth seems to be revealing the callous attitude of society at that time.In composing their works, it is safe to assume that the Romantics shared a common interest. That interest was change. Mary Wollstonecraft, William Blake, and William Wordsworth are among the true rebels of their time. Through literary works such as A Vindication of the Rights of Women, The Garden of Love, and She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, we can see that these literary artists took no boundaries in challenging standards set by the church, government, and society in general.